Pernicious anemia

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Pernicious anemia
Synonyms	Vitamin B12 deficiency anemia
Pronounce	N/A
Specialty	N/A
Symptoms	Fatigue, pallor, shortness of breath, dizziness, neuropathy, glossitis
Complications	Neurological disorders, gastric cancer
Onset	Gradual
Duration	Long term
Types	N/A
Causes	Autoimmune gastritis, Vitamin B12 deficiency
Risks	Family history, autoimmune disorders, Northern European descent
Diagnosis	Blood test, serum vitamin B12 level, anti-intrinsic factor antibodies
Differential diagnosis	Folate deficiency anemia, iron deficiency anemia, myelodysplastic syndrome
Prevention	None
Treatment	Vitamin B12 supplementation
Medication	Cyanocobalamin, hydroxocobalamin
Prognosis	Good with treatment
Frequency	0.1% of the general population
Deaths	N/A

Autoimmune atrophic gastritis

Gastric parietal cell antibodies

Hydroxocobalamin Injection

Advert, treatment for pernicious anaemia, 1930

Pernicious anemia is a type of anemia that results from the body's inability to absorb vitamin B12 from the gastrointestinal tract. This condition is also known as Addison's anemia or Biermer's anemia.

Causes

Pernicious anemia is caused by a lack of intrinsic factor, a protein produced by the stomach that is necessary for the absorption of vitamin B12. This can occur due to an autoimmune disease where the body's immune system attacks the cells in the stomach that produce intrinsic factor. Other causes can include surgery that removes part of the stomach or small intestine, and certain conditions that affect the small intestine, such as Crohn's disease or celiac disease.

Symptoms

The symptoms of pernicious anemia can vary, but may include fatigue, weakness, pale skin, constipation, loss of appetite, weight loss, numbness or tingling in the hands and feet, balance problems, depression, confusion, dementia, and a sore tongue.

Diagnosis

Pernicious anemia is diagnosed through a series of tests. These may include a complete blood count (CBC) to check the number and appearance of red blood cells, a test to measure the level of vitamin B12 in the blood, and a test to measure the level of intrinsic factor antibodies.

Treatment

The treatment for pernicious anemia is lifelong replacement of vitamin B12. This can be done through regular injections of the vitamin or high-dose oral supplements. In some cases, dietary changes may also be recommended.

Prognosis

With treatment, people with pernicious anemia can lead a normal life. However, if left untreated, the condition can lead to serious complications, including heart disease and neurological problems.

See also

• Anemia
• Vitamin B12 deficiency
• Intrinsic factor
• Autoimmune disease

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