Vaginal yeast infection

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Vaginal yeast infection
Gram stain of Candida species
Synonyms	Candidal vulvovaginitis, vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC)
Pronounce	N/A
Specialty	N/A
Symptoms	Vaginal itching, burning sensation, discharge
Complications	Recurrent infection
Onset	Sudden
Duration	Few days to weeks
Types	N/A
Causes	Overgrowth of Candida species
Risks	Antibiotic use, pregnancy, diabetes, immunosuppression
Diagnosis	Clinical evaluation, microscopy, culture
Differential diagnosis	Bacterial vaginosis, trichomoniasis
Prevention	Avoiding douching, wearing cotton underwear
Treatment	Antifungal medication (e.g., fluconazole, clotrimazole)
Medication	N/A
Prognosis	N/A
Frequency	Affects 75% of women at some point
Deaths	N/A

A vaginal yeast infection, also known as vaginal candidiasis, is an infection caused by the overgrowth of yeast, specifically the Candida species, in the vagina. The condition is common, affecting 75% of women at some point in their lives.

Yeast Infection

Overview and Causes

• Most vaginal yeast infections are caused by the fungus Candida albicans. These yeast organisms are a natural part of the microbes that live in your body, but can multiply beyond normal levels due to factors such as:
• Antibiotic use: This can reduce the levels of lactobacilli, beneficial bacteria in the vagina, which keep yeast growth in check.
• Pregnancy: Hormonal changes can disrupt the vaginal environment.
• Diabetes: Elevated blood sugar levels can foster yeast growth.
• Weakened immune system: Conditions like HIV can make it harder for the body to keep yeast in check.

Symptoms

• Common symptoms of a vaginal yeast infection include:
• Itching and irritation in the vagina and vulva
• A burning sensation, particularly during intercourse or while urinating
• Vaginal pain and soreness
• Vaginal rash
• Thick, white, odor-free vaginal discharge with a cottage cheese appearance
• Redness and swelling of the vulva

Diagnosis

The diagnosis is often made based on the clinical presentation. However, due to similar symptoms with bacterial vaginosis and some sexually transmitted infections, laboratory confirmation is often sought. This can be done by checking a sample of vaginal discharge under a microscope or by culture.

Treatment

Treatment for vaginal yeast infections typically involves antifungal medications, which can be administered orally or inserted into the vagina in a cream or gel form. Over-the-counter options are often available, but some women might require prescription medication. Recurrent yeast infections may require a longer course of treatment.

Prevention

Preventative measures include avoiding unnecessary antibiotic use, wearing cotton underwear, avoiding tight-fitting pants, and changing out of wet clothes immediately after swimming or exercising. Regular consumption of probiotics, such as yogurt, may also help maintain a healthy vaginal environment.

References

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• Sobel, J. D. (2007). Vulvovaginal candidosis. The Lancet, 369(9577), 1961-1971.
• M√∏lgaard-Nielsen, D., Svanström, H., Melbye, M., Hviid, A., & Pasternak, B. (2013). Association between use of oral fluconazole during pregnancy and risk of spontaneous abortion and stillbirth. JAMA, 313(10), 2057-2064.

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