Vaginal cancer

Editor-In-Chief: Prab R Tumpati, MD
Obesity, Sleep & Internal medicine
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Vaginal cancer
Synonyms	N/A
Pronounce	N/A
Specialty	N/A
Symptoms	Vaginal bleeding, pelvic pain, vaginal discharge
Complications	Metastasis, infertility
Onset	Most common in women over 60
Duration	Long-term
Types	Squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, melanoma, sarcoma
Causes	Human papillomavirus infection, smoking, history of cervical cancer
Risks	HPV infection, smoking, age, DES exposure
Diagnosis	Pelvic examination, biopsy, imaging studies
Differential diagnosis	Vaginitis, cervical cancer, endometrial cancer
Prevention	HPV vaccination, smoking cessation
Treatment	Surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy
Medication	N/A
Prognosis	Depends on stage at diagnosis
Frequency	Rare, about 1 in 1,100 women
Deaths	N/A

Diagram showing stage 2 vaginal cancer CRUK 210

Diagram showing stage 3 vaginal cancer CRUK 223

Diagram showing stage 4A vaginal cancer CRUK 237

Diagram showing stage 4B vaginal cancer CRUK 240

Diagram showing a wide local excision for vaginal cancer CRUK 087

Vaginal cancer is a rare type of cancer that forms in the vaginal tissues of women. It is a disease in which malignant (cancer) cells form in the vagina, the muscular tube that connects the uterus with the outer genitals. Vaginal cancer is not as common as other types of female reproductive cancers, but it can be serious and requires appropriate treatment.

Types of Vaginal Cancer

There are several types of vaginal cancer, categorized based on the type of cell where the cancer begins. The most common types include:

• Squamous Cell Carcinoma: This is the most common type of vaginal cancer, originating in the thin, flat cells that line the surface of the vagina. It typically occurs in women aged 60 and older.
• Adenocarcinoma: This type begins in the glandular cells of the vagina that secrete fluids. Adenocarcinoma is more likely to spread to the lungs and lymph nodes.
• Melanoma: Starting in the pigment-producing cells of the vagina, melanoma is a rarer form of vaginal cancer and is more aggressive.
• Sarcoma: This type starts in the muscle or connective tissue of the vagina and is more common in children and adolescents.

Causes and Risk Factors

The exact cause of vaginal cancer is unknown, but several factors may increase the risk of developing the disease. These include:

• Human Papillomavirus (HPV) infection: A significant risk factor for vaginal cancer, especially squamous cell carcinoma.
• Age: The risk increases with age, particularly for women over 60.
• History of cervical cancer or precancerous conditions of the cervix.
• Exposure to Diethylstilbestrol (DES): Women whose mothers were treated with DES during pregnancy may have an increased risk.
• Smoking: Tobacco use is linked to a higher risk of developing squamous cell carcinoma of the vagina.

Symptoms

Vaginal cancer often does not cause early symptoms and may be found during a routine Pap test. When symptoms do occur, they may include:

• Unusual vaginal bleeding, especially after intercourse or menopause
• Watery vaginal discharge
• A lump or mass in the vagina
• Pain during intercourse
• Painful urination

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of vaginal cancer typically involves a physical examination, including a pelvic exam, and may also include:

• Pap test: To check for abnormal cells.
• Biopsy: A procedure to remove a small sample of tissue for examination under a microscope.
• Imaging tests: Such as MRI, CT scan, and ultrasound, to determine the extent of the cancer.

Treatment

Treatment for vaginal cancer depends on the type, stage, and overall health of the patient. Options may include:

• Surgery: To remove the cancerous tissue.
• Radiation therapy: Using high-energy rays to kill cancer cells.
• Chemotherapy: Using drugs to kill cancer cells, often used if the cancer has spread.

Prevention

Preventing vaginal cancer involves reducing the risk factors whenever possible. This includes:

• Vaccination against HPV.
• Regular Pap tests to detect precancerous conditions or early-stage cancer.
• Avoiding smoking.

See Also

• Cervical Cancer
• Ovarian Cancer
• Uterine Cancer
• HPV Vaccine