Torsades de pointes

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Torsades de pointes
Synonyms	N/A
Pronounce	N/A
Specialty	N/A
Symptoms	Palpitations, dizziness, syncope, sudden cardiac death
Complications	Ventricular fibrillation, cardiac arrest
Onset	Sudden
Duration	Variable
Types	N/A
Causes	Long QT syndrome, electrolyte imbalance, medications
Risks	Hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia, bradycardia, congenital long QT syndrome
Diagnosis	Electrocardiogram
Differential diagnosis	Ventricular tachycardia, atrial fibrillation
Prevention	Avoidance of QT-prolonging drugs, correction of electrolyte imbalances
Treatment	Magnesium sulfate, cardiac pacing, isoproterenol
Medication	N/A
Prognosis	Variable, can be life-threatening
Frequency	Rare
Deaths	N/A

Torsades de Pointes (TdP) is a specific type of abnormal heart rhythm known as ventricular tachycardia. It is characterized by a distinctive pattern on an electrocardiogram (ECG) that appears as a twisting of the points of the QRS complexes. TdP is considered a potentially life-threatening arrhythmia because it can degenerate into ventricular fibrillation, a chaotic and non-perfusing rhythm that can lead to sudden cardiac arrest.

Causes and Risk Factors

• TdP is primarily associated with a prolonged QT interval on the ECG, which reflects delayed repolarization of the ventricles. The prolonged QT interval can be congenital (inherited) or acquired. Several factors can contribute to or trigger the development of TdP, including:
• Medications: Certain medications, particularly those that prolong the QT interval, are known to increase the risk of TdP. These medications include certain antibiotics, antipsychotics, antidepressants, antiarrhythmics, and antiemetics. The risk of TdP is heightened when these medications are used in combination or in individuals with pre-existing QT prolongation.
• Electrolyte Imbalances: Abnormal levels of electrolytes, such as low potassium (hypokalemia), low magnesium (hypomagnesemia), or high calcium, can disrupt the electrical signals in the heart and increase the risk of TdP.
• Bradyarrhythmias: Slow heart rates or bradycardias can create a vulnerable electrical state in the heart, predisposing individuals to TdP.
• Structural Heart Disease: Underlying structural heart conditions, such as cardiomyopathies, heart failure, or previous myocardial infarction (heart attack), can increase the risk of developing TdP.
• Genetic Predisposition: Inherited genetic abnormalities affecting ion channels involved in cardiac repolarization can lead to long QT syndrome (LQTS), a condition associated with an increased risk of TdP.

Symptoms and Diagnosis

• During an episode of TdP, individuals may experience symptoms such as palpitations, lightheadedness, dizziness, or syncope (fainting). However, in some cases, TdP can be asymptomatic and only detected incidentally on an ECG.
• The diagnosis of TdP is made by observing the characteristic ECG pattern of a twisting or oscillating QRS complex. The QT interval, which represents the duration of ventricular repolarization, is typically prolonged during TdP.

Treatment

• The management of TdP aims to promptly terminate the arrhythmia, prevent recurrence, and address any underlying causes or contributing factors. Treatment options may include:
• Cardioversion or Defibrillation: In cases where TdP degenerates into ventricular fibrillation or if the patient is hemodynamically unstable, immediate cardioversion or defibrillation may be necessary to restore a normal heart rhythm.
• Discontinuation of QT-Prolonging Medications: If a medication is identified as a trigger for TdP, it should be discontinued or replaced with an alternative that does not prolong the QT interval.
• Correction of Electrolyte Imbalances: Correcting any electrolyte disturbances, such as hypokalemia or hypomagnesemia, is important in managing TdP. Intravenous administration of electrolytes may be necessary in severe cases.
• Temporary Pacing: In cases where bradycardia contributes to TdP, temporary pacing may be employed to maintain an appropriate heart rate and prevent arrhythmia recurrence.
• Antiarrhythmic Medications: Intravenous administration of medications, such as magnesium sulfate or antiarrhythmic drugs like lidocaine or amiodarone, may be used to terminate TdP and prevent its recurrence.
• Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator (ICD): In individuals at high risk of recurrent or life-threatening arrhythmias, the placement of an ICD may be recommended. An ICD is a device that continuously monitors the heart's rhythm and can deliver an electrical shock to restore normal rhythm if a life-threatening arrhythmia, such as TdP, occurs.
• Evaluation and Treatment of Underlying Conditions: Identification and management of any underlying structural heart disease or genetic abnormalities, such as long QT syndrome, are essential in preventing future episodes of TdP.

Prognosis

The prognosis of TdP depends on various factors, including the underlying cause, the duration and severity of the arrhythmia, and the promptness of medical intervention. If left untreated, TdP can degenerate into ventricular fibrillation, which is life-threatening. However, with appropriate treatment and management of the underlying causes, the prognosis can be improved, and the risk of recurrence can be minimized.

See Also

• Ventricular Tachycardia
• Long QT Syndrome
• Sudden Cardiac Arrest
• Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator (ICD)

References

• Drew, B. J., Ackerman, M. J., Funk, M., Gibler, W. B., Kligfield, P., Menon, V., ... & Wagner, G. S. (2010). Prevention of torsade de pointes in hospital settings: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association and the American College of Cardiology Foundation. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 55(9), 934-947. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2010.01.001
• Antzelevitch, C., & Sicouri, S. (2018). Clinical relevance of cardiac arrhythmias generated by afterdepolarizations: Role of M cells in the generation of U waves, triggered activity and torsade de pointes. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 72(8), 840-854. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2018.05.067
• Surawicz, B. (2017). Torsade de pointes. In Clinical Electrocardiography: A Simplified Approach (pp. 127-131). Elsevier.

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