Toll-like receptor
Toll-like receptor
Toll-like receptors (TLR) == Template:IPA ==
The Template:IPA (International Phonetic Alphabet) is a system of phonetic notation based primarily on the Latin alphabet. It was devised by the International Phonetic Association in the late 19th century as a standardized representation of the sounds of spoken language.
Pronunciation
The pronunciation of the term "IPA" is /aɪ piː eɪ/ in English.
Etymology
The term "IPA" is an acronym for the International Phonetic Alphabet. The International Phonetic Association, founded in 1886, created the IPA to provide a single, universal system for the transcription of spoken language.
Related Terms
- Phonetic notation: A system used to visually represent the sounds of speech. The IPA is one type of phonetic notation.
- Phonetics: The study of the physical sounds of human speech. It is concerned with the physical properties of speech sounds (phonemes), and the processes of their physiological production, auditory reception, and neurophysiological perception.
- Phonology: The study of the way sounds function within a particular language or languages. While phonetics concerns the physical production, acoustic transmission and perception of the sounds of speech, phonology describes the way sounds function within a particular language or languages.
- Transcription (linguistics): The systematic representation of spoken language in written form. The source of the words transcribe and transcription, the term means "to write across" in Latin, and it's the process of converting spoken language into written form. In linguistics, this is often done using the IPA.
External links
- Medical encyclopedia article on Toll-like receptor
- Wikipedia's article - Toll-like receptor
This WikiMD article is a stub. You can help make it a full article.
Languages: - East Asian
中文,
日本,
한국어,
South Asian
हिन्दी,
Urdu,
বাংলা,
తెలుగు,
தமிழ்,
ಕನ್ನಡ,
Southeast Asian
Indonesian,
Vietnamese,
Thai,
မြန်မာဘာသာ,
European
español,
Deutsch,
français,
русский,
português do Brasil,
Italian,
polski are a class of proteins that play a key role in the innate immune system. They are single, membrane-spanning, non-catalytic receptors usually expressed in sentinel cells such as macrophages and dendritic cells, that recognize structurally conserved molecules derived from microbes.
Etymology
The name "Toll-like receptor" originates from the similarity these receptors share with the protein coded by the Toll gene identified in Drosophila melanogaster. The term "Toll" in German means "amazing" or "great", reflecting the crucial role this gene plays in the fly's development and immune response.
Function
Toll-like receptors identify and bind to structurally conserved molecules derived from microbes, known as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), which are not generally found in the host organism. Once these microbes have breached physical barriers such as the skin or intestinal tract mucosa, they are recognized by TLRs, which activate immune cell responses.
Types
There are currently known 10 types of TLRs in humans (TLR1 to TLR10) and 12 in mice (TLR1 to TLR9, TLR11, TLR12 and TLR13). Each TLR recognizes specific PAMPs. For example, TLR4 recognizes lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Gram-negative bacteria and TLR3 recognizes double-stranded RNA, a form of genetic material found in viruses.
Related Terms
- Innate immune system
- Macrophages
- Dendritic cells
- Pathogen-associated molecular patterns
- Gram-negative bacteria
- Double-stranded RNA
External links
- Medical encyclopedia article on Toll-like receptor
- Wikipedia's article - Toll-like receptor
This WikiMD article is a stub. You can help make it a full article.
Languages: - East Asian
中文,
日本,
한국어,
South Asian
हिन्दी,
Urdu,
বাংলা,
తెలుగు,
தமிழ்,
ಕನ್ನಡ,
Southeast Asian
Indonesian,
Vietnamese,
Thai,
မြန်မာဘာသာ,
European
español,
Deutsch,
français,
русский,
português do Brasil,
Italian,
polski