Phenotype (clinical medicine)

Phenotype (pronounced: /ˈfiːnətaɪp/) in the context of clinical medicine refers to the observable physical or biochemical characteristics of an individual, as determined by both genetic makeup and environmental influences. The term is derived from the Greek words "phainein" meaning "to show" and "typos" meaning "type".

Definition

In clinical medicine, the phenotype of an individual is the composite of the individual's observable characteristics or traits, such as their morphology, development, biochemical or physiological properties, behavior, and products of behavior. These observable traits are influenced by the individual's genotype, or genetic makeup, and by the environment.

Phenotypic Variation

Phenotypic variation (also known as phenotypic plasticity) refers to the differences in phenotypes that exist among individuals within a population. This variation is a fundamental prerequisite for evolution by natural selection. It is the living organism as a whole that contributes (or not) to the next generation, so natural selection affects the genetic structure of a population indirectly via the contribution of phenotypes.

Clinical Significance

In clinical medicine, understanding an individual's phenotype can be crucial in diagnosing and treating various diseases and disorders. For example, genetic disorders often result in distinct phenotypic characteristics that can aid in diagnosis. Additionally, understanding the phenotypic variation within a population can help in understanding the genetic basis of diseases and in developing new treatments.

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Phenotype (clinical medicine)