Phenotypic plasticity

Phenotypic plasticity is the ability of an organism to change its phenotype in response to changes in the environment. Fundamental to the way in which organisms cope with environmental variation, phenotypic plasticity encompasses all types of environmentally induced changes (e.g. morphological, physiological, behavioural, phenological) that may or may not be permanent throughout an individual's lifespan. The concept of phenotypic plasticity has led to a significant paradigm shift in our understanding of the role of genetics and the environment in shaping the phenotype.

Definition and types

Phenotypic plasticity is defined as the environmental sensitivity of the phenotype. It can be divided into several types. One way of categorizing it is on the basis of the type of environmental variation, such as spatial versus temporal.

Mechanisms

The mechanisms of phenotypic plasticity may involve changes at the cellular or molecular level, such as alterations in gene expression or cellular physiology. The environment may affect the development of an organism in various ways, including through direct effects on the regulation of gene expression, changes in the activity of cellular processes, or more indirectly through the influence of the environment on the organism's overall physiology.

Evolutionary aspects

Phenotypic plasticity is considered an adaptive evolution and can be beneficial to the organism. It allows the organism to change its phenotype in response to changes in the environment, thereby increasing its fitness.

See also

• Genotype
• Phenotype
• Epigenetics
• Evolutionary biology

References

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  Hatch rates for red-eyed tree frog tadpoles depends on predation