Periodontium

Overview

The periodontium is the specialized tissues that both surround and support the teeth, maintaining them in the maxillary and mandibular bones. The word comes from the Greek terms "peri," meaning "around," and "odons," meaning "tooth." The periodontium is essential for the health and function of the teeth and includes several components that work together to support the teeth and absorb the forces of chewing.

Components

The periodontium consists of four main components:

Gingiva

The gingiva, or gums, are the soft tissues that cover the cervical portions of the teeth and the alveolar processes of the jaws. The gingiva is divided into the free gingiva, attached gingiva, and interdental gingiva. It plays a crucial role in protecting the underlying periodontal tissues from mechanical damage and infection.

Periodontal Ligament

The periodontal ligament (PDL) is a group of specialized connective tissue fibers that essentially attach a tooth to the alveolar bone. These fibers help absorb the forces of mastication and provide sensory feedback. The PDL also contains cells that are involved in the repair and regeneration of the periodontium.

Cementum

Cementum is a calcified layer covering the roots of the teeth. It serves as an attachment surface for the periodontal ligament fibers. Cementum is similar in composition to bone but is avascular, meaning it does not contain blood vessels.

Alveolar Bone

The alveolar bone is the part of the jawbone that contains the tooth sockets (alveoli) and supports the teeth. It undergoes constant remodeling in response to mechanical forces and is essential for the stability of the teeth.

Function

The primary function of the periodontium is to support the teeth and maintain them in their functional position within the jaws. It also plays a role in:

• Providing sensory input, such as pressure and pain, which helps in the regulation of biting forces.
• Protecting the teeth from bacterial invasion and mechanical damage.
• Facilitating the repair and regeneration of periodontal tissues.

Clinical Significance

Diseases of the periodontium, such as gingivitis and periodontitis, can lead to the destruction of these supporting tissues and ultimately result in tooth loss if left untreated. Periodontal health is crucial for overall oral health and is linked to systemic conditions such as diabetes and cardiovascular disease.

Images

Diagram of the periodontium showing its components.

Related pages

• Tooth anatomy
• Oral hygiene
• Dental plaque
• Gingivitis
• Periodontitis