Linkage disequilibrium

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Linkage Disequilibrium (pronunciation: /ˈlɪŋkɪdʒ/ /ˌdiːzɪˈkwɪlɪbriəm/) is a term used in the field of genetics to describe a situation where the frequency of association of alleles at two or more loci is not the same as would be expected from a random formation of haplotypes from alleles based on their frequencies.

Etymology

The term "Linkage Disequilibrium" is derived from the words "linkage", which refers to the connection or relation between two or more things, and "disequilibrium", which refers to a state of imbalance. In the context of genetics, it refers to the non-random association of alleles at different loci.

Overview

Linkage Disequilibrium (LD) is a fundamental concept in the field of population genetics. It is a measure of the non-random association of alleles at different loci. LD can result from various evolutionary processes, including natural selection, genetic drift, mutation, and population structure. It is an important factor in the mapping of quantitative trait loci (QTL) and genome-wide association studies (GWAS).

Related Terms

  • Allele: One of two or more versions of a gene that are found at the same place on a chromosome.
  • Locus: The specific location of a gene or DNA sequence on a chromosome.
  • Haplotype: A set of DNA variations, or polymorphisms, that tend to be inherited together.
  • Population Genetics: The study of genetic variation within populations, and involves the examination and modelling of changes in the frequencies of genes and alleles in populations over time.
  • Natural Selection: The process by which species evolve over time as a result of changes in heritable physical or behavioral traits.
  • Genetic Drift: Variation in the relative frequency of different genotypes in a small population, owing to the chance disappearance of particular genes as individuals die or do not reproduce.
  • Mutation: A change in the DNA sequence within a gene or chromosome of an organism resulting in the creation of a new character or trait not found in the parental type.
  • Population Structure: The organization of a population, which involves the geographic arrangement of its individuals and the distribution of genetic variation among them.
  • Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL): Locations on a chromosome where genetic variation is associated with a particular quantitative trait.
  • Genome-Wide Association Studies (GWAS): An observational study of a genome-wide set of genetic variants in different individuals to see if any variant is associated with a trait.

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