Latent tuberculosis

Editor-In-Chief: Prab R Tumpati, MD
Obesity, Sleep & Internal medicine
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Latent tuberculosis
Synonyms
Pronounce	N/A
Specialty	N/A
Symptoms	None
Complications	Tuberculosis
Onset
Duration
Types	N/A
Causes	Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Risks	HIV/AIDS, immunosuppression, malnutrition
Diagnosis	Tuberculin skin test, Interferon gamma release assay
Differential diagnosis
Prevention	BCG vaccine, treatment of latent tuberculosis
Treatment	Isoniazid, Rifampin, Rifapentine
Medication
Prognosis
Frequency
Deaths

Latent tuberculosis (LTB) refers to a state in which the Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria are present in the body but remain inactive. People with latent TB do not exhibit symptoms and are not contagious. However, they are at risk of developing active tuberculosis if their immune system weakens.

Understanding Latent Tuberculosis

When an individual is exposed to Mycobacterium tuberculosis, their immune system may successfully contain the bacteria, preventing them from multiplying and causing an active infection. This results in latent TB.

Distinguishing Features

• No Symptoms: Those with latent TB exhibit no signs or symptoms related to the disease.
• Non-Contagious: They cannot spread the TB bacteria to others.
• Potential for Activation: Without treatment, latent TB can activate, especially in those with compromised immune systems.

Diagnosis and Testing

A Tuberculin skin test (TST) or a TB blood test can help determine the presence of latent TB. While these tests show if a person has been infected with the bacteria, they don't differentiate between latent and active TB. Further tests, like chest X-rays, are essential if the initial tests are positive.

A positive tuberculin skin test indicates exposure to TB bacteria.

Treatment and Prevention

While not everyone with latent TB requires treatment, many at-risk populations benefit from preventative therapy to reduce the likelihood of TB activation.

Medications

Several medications, such as Isoniazid and Rifapentine, can be prescribed to treat latent TB. It's crucial to follow the full course of treatment to prevent the development of drug-resistant strains of the bacteria.

Risk Factors for Activation

Certain conditions and factors increase the risk of latent TB becoming active:

• HIV/AIDS
• Diabetes
• Severe kidney disease
• Certain cancers
• Medications that suppress the immune system

Conclusion

While latent tuberculosis poses a silent threat, understanding, early detection, and treatment are essential steps in preventing the progression to active TB and further spread of this age-old disease..

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