Icterus

Icterus is a medical term used to describe a yellowish pigmentation of the skin, conjunctiva, and other mucous membranes caused by hyperbilirubinemia. This condition is commonly known as jaundice.

Causes

Icterus can be caused by a number of conditions that affect the liver, gallbladder, or bile ducts. These include hepatitis, cirrhosis, gallstones, and cancer. It can also be caused by conditions that lead to an increased breakdown of red blood cells, such as sickle cell anemia and thalassemia.

Symptoms

The primary symptom of icterus is a yellowish discoloration of the skin and whites of the eyes. Other symptoms can include dark urine, pale stools, and itching. In severe cases, icterus can lead to brain damage due to the toxic effects of bilirubin on the brain, a condition known as kernicterus.

Diagnosis

The diagnosis of icterus is typically made based on the patient's symptoms and a physical examination. Blood tests can be used to measure the level of bilirubin in the blood and to assess the function of the liver. Imaging tests, such as an ultrasound, CT scan, or MRI, may be used to identify any blockages in the bile ducts.

Treatment

The treatment of icterus depends on the underlying cause. This may involve medication to treat liver disease, surgery to remove gallstones or tumors, or blood transfusions in cases of severe anemia. In some cases, a liver transplant may be necessary.

See also

• Bilirubin
• Liver disease
• Gallbladder disease
• Hemolytic anemia