Hypocalcemia

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Obesity, Sleep & Internal medicine
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Hypocalcemia
Synonyms	Calcium deficiency disease
Pronounce	N/A
Specialty	N/A
Symptoms	Muscle cramps, tetany, paresthesia, seizures, cardiac arrhythmias
Complications	Osteoporosis, osteomalacia, rickets
Onset	Sudden or gradual
Duration	Varies
Types	N/A
Causes	Hypoparathyroidism, vitamin D deficiency, chronic kidney disease, magnesium deficiency, pancreatitis
Risks	Premature birth, malnutrition, alcoholism
Diagnosis	Blood test showing low serum calcium
Differential diagnosis	Hyperventilation, epilepsy, anxiety disorder
Prevention	Adequate dietary calcium and vitamin D
Treatment	Calcium supplementation, vitamin D supplementation, intravenous calcium
Medication	Calcium carbonate, calcium gluconate, calcitriol
Prognosis	Good with treatment
Frequency	Common
Deaths	N/A

Calcium gluconate, a common treatment for hypocalcemia

Hypocalcemia is a medical condition characterized by an abnormally low level of calcium in the blood plasma. Calcium is a vital mineral in the body, playing a crucial role in various physiological processes, including muscle contraction, nerve conduction, and blood coagulation.

EKG in hypocalcemia

Causes

Hypocalcemia can result from a variety of causes, which can be broadly categorized into the following:

• Hypoparathyroidism: This is a condition where the parathyroid glands produce insufficient amounts of parathyroid hormone (PTH), which is essential for maintaining calcium balance.
• Vitamin D deficiency: Vitamin D is crucial for calcium absorption in the gut. A deficiency can lead to decreased calcium levels.
• Chronic kidney disease: The kidneys play a role in converting vitamin D to its active form and in excreting phosphate. Impaired kidney function can lead to hypocalcemia.
• Acute pancreatitis: Inflammation of the pancreas can lead to fat necrosis, which binds calcium and reduces its levels in the blood.
• Medications: Certain medications, such as bisphosphonates and some anticonvulsants, can cause hypocalcemia.

Symptoms

The symptoms of hypocalcemia can vary depending on the severity and duration of the condition. Common symptoms include:

• Muscle cramps and spasms
• Paresthesia (tingling sensation) in the fingers and around the mouth
• Tetany, which is characterized by involuntary muscle contractions
• Seizures
• Cardiac arrhythmias
• Laryngospasm

Diagnosis

The diagnosis of hypocalcemia is typically made through blood tests that measure the level of calcium in the blood. Additional tests may include:

• Serum albumin levels, as calcium binds to albumin
• Serum magnesium levels, since magnesium deficiency can also cause hypocalcemia
• Parathyroid hormone levels
• Vitamin D levels

Treatment

Calcium carbonate supplements are often used to treat hypocalcemia

The treatment of hypocalcemia depends on the underlying cause and the severity of the condition. Common treatments include:

• Calcium supplements: Oral calcium supplements, such as calcium carbonate or calcium citrate, are often used to increase calcium levels.
• Intravenous calcium: In severe cases, intravenous calcium gluconate or calcium chloride may be administered.
• Vitamin D supplementation: If vitamin D deficiency is the cause, supplementation with vitamin D is necessary.
• Magnesium supplementation: If hypomagnesemia is present, magnesium supplements may be required.

Prevention

Preventive measures for hypocalcemia include ensuring adequate intake of calcium and vitamin D through diet or supplements, regular monitoring of calcium levels in individuals at risk, and managing underlying conditions that may contribute to hypocalcemia.

See also

• Hypercalcemia
• Parathyroid hormone
• Vitamin D
• Calcium metabolism