Gastrointestinal stromal tumor

Editor-In-Chief: Prab R Tumpati, MD
Obesity, Sleep & Internal medicine
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Gastrointestinal stromal tumor
Synonyms	GIST
Pronounce	N/A
Specialty	N/A
Symptoms	Abdominal pain, gastrointestinal bleeding, nausea, vomiting, weight loss
Complications	Metastasis, intestinal obstruction
Onset	Typically in adults over 40
Duration	Variable
Types	N/A
Causes	Mutations in KIT gene or PDGFRA gene
Risks	Familial GIST syndrome, neurofibromatosis type 1
Diagnosis	CT scan, MRI, endoscopic biopsy
Differential diagnosis	Leiomyoma, schwannoma, liposarcoma
Prevention	N/A
Treatment	Surgery, imatinib
Medication	Imatinib, sunitinib, regorafenib
Prognosis	Variable, depends on size and location
Frequency	Rare, approximately 1-2 per 100,000 per year
Deaths	N/A

Gastrointestinal stromal tumor

Gastrointestinal stromal tumor

CT image of a GIST tumor in the gastric cardia

GIST CT image

Beta-catenin immunohistochemistry in gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST)

Gastrointestinal stromal tumor

Gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) is a type of tumor that occurs in the gastrointestinal tract, specifically in the stomach and small intestine. GISTs are rare, but they are the most common mesenchymal neoplasms of the gastrointestinal tract. They originate from the interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) or from stem cells that can differentiate into ICC.

Symptoms

The symptoms of GIST vary depending on the size and location of the tumor. Some people with GIST have no symptoms, and the tumor is discovered incidentally during an examination or procedure for another condition. When symptoms do occur, they may include abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, bleeding in the digestive tract, anemia, and a mass in the abdomen.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of GIST typically involves a combination of medical history, physical examination, imaging studies, and biopsy. Imaging studies such as computed tomography (CT) scan, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and positron emission tomography (PET) scan can help to identify the location and size of the tumor. Biopsy, in which a sample of the tumor is removed for examination under a microscope, is used to confirm the diagnosis.

Treatment

Treatment for GIST depends on the size, location, and aggressiveness of the tumor, as well as the patient's overall health. Options may include surgery, targeted therapy, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy. Surgery is the primary treatment for localized GIST. Targeted therapy with drugs such as imatinib (Gleevec) and sunitinib (Sutent) is used for advanced or metastatic GIST.

Prognosis

The prognosis for GIST varies widely depending on the size and location of the tumor, the patient's age and overall health, and the specific genetic mutations present in the tumor. In general, smaller tumors that are detected early and can be completely removed surgically have a better prognosis.

See also

• Cancer
• Gastrointestinal tract
• Tumor

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