Ergotism

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Obesity, Sleep & Internal medicine
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Ergotism
Ergotism
Synonyms	St. Anthony's Fire
Pronounce	N/A
Specialty	N/A
Symptoms	Convulsions, Gangrene, Hallucinations, Severe pain
Complications	Loss of limbs, Death
Onset	Hours to days after ingestion
Duration	Variable, depending on exposure
Types	N/A
Causes	Ingestion of ergot-contaminated grains
Risks	Consumption of rye or other grains infected with Claviceps purpurea
Diagnosis	Clinical evaluation, history of exposure
Differential diagnosis	Raynaud's phenomenon, Peripheral artery disease, Sepsis
Prevention	Proper storage and processing of grains
Treatment	Removal of contaminated food, Vasodilators, Pain management
Medication	N/A
Prognosis	Variable; can be fatal if untreated
Frequency	Rare in modern times
Deaths	N/A

Ergotism is a condition that results from the long-term ingestion of products contaminated with the alkaloids produced by the Claviceps purpurea fungus that infects rye and other cereals, and more recently by the action of a number of ergoline-based drugs. It is also known as "St. Anthony's Fire", in reference to monks who cared for victims as well as symptoms, such as severe burning sensations in the limbs.

History

The first recorded epidemic of ergotism was in the Rhine Valley in 857 AD. Ergotism played a significant role in shaping the course of human history due to its effect on the health of those who consumed contaminated rye. Ergotism is also thought to be the cause of symptoms described in the Bible's book of Acts (Acts 2:13) and is a candidate for the cause of the dancing mania that occurred in Europe during the 14th-17th centuries.

Symptoms

Ergotism is characterized by hallucinations and sensations of burning in the limbs, the so-called "St. Anthony's Fire". These symptoms are due to the presence of a large group of alkaloid mycotoxins in the ergot fungus. Other symptoms can include fever, sweating, headache, mental impairment, and in severe cases, gangrene.

Treatment

Treatment of ergotism is primarily supportive, with removal of the source of ergot, usually by changing the diet. Vasodilators, anticoagulants, and heparin have been used to treat the vasoconstriction that is often a part of ergotism.

Prevention

Prevention of ergotism involves the careful monitoring of the cereal crops for the presence of the ergot fungus. The ergot bodies can be removed by winnowing or by flotation.

Images

• 
  Claviceps purpurea
• 
  Hordeum vulgare infected with Claviceps purpurea

See also

• Ergot
• Claviceps purpurea
• Rye
• Mycotoxin
• Vasoconstriction
• Vasodilators
• Anticoagulants
• Heparin