Enterovirus C

A species of enterovirus associated with poliomyelitis

Overview

Enterovirus C is a species of enterovirus that includes several serotypes, most notably the three serotypes of poliovirus. These viruses are members of the family Picornaviridae, which are small, non-enveloped viruses with a single-stranded RNA genome. Enterovirus C is primarily known for its association with poliomyelitis, a disease that can cause paralysis and is preventable by vaccination.

Virology

Enterovirus C viruses are characterized by their small size and simple structure. The viral genome is composed of a single-stranded, positive-sense RNA molecule, approximately 7,500 nucleotides in length. The genome encodes a single polyprotein that is cleaved into structural and non-structural proteins. The structural proteins form the viral capsid, which is composed of four proteins: VP1, VP2, VP3, and VP4. The capsid protects the viral RNA and facilitates attachment and entry into host cells.

Transmission

Poliovirus, a member of Enterovirus C

Enterovirus C is transmitted primarily via the fecal-oral route. The virus can be spread through contaminated water, food, or surfaces, and can also be transmitted through respiratory droplets. Once ingested, the virus replicates in the oropharynx and intestinal tract before spreading to other tissues.

Pathogenesis

The most well-known disease associated with Enterovirus C is poliomyelitis, caused by the poliovirus serotypes. After initial replication in the gastrointestinal tract, the virus can enter the bloodstream and, in some cases, invade the central nervous system. This can lead to inflammation and destruction of motor neurons, resulting in paralysis.

Clinical Manifestations

Infection with Enterovirus C can range from asymptomatic to severe. Most infections are asymptomatic or result in mild, flu-like symptoms. However, in a small percentage of cases, the virus can cause aseptic meningitis or paralytic poliomyelitis. Paralytic poliomyelitis is characterized by acute flaccid paralysis, typically affecting the limbs.

Prevention and Control

The primary method of preventing diseases caused by Enterovirus C, particularly poliomyelitis, is through vaccination. Two types of vaccines are available: the inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) and the oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV). These vaccines have been instrumental in reducing the incidence of poliomyelitis worldwide and are key components of the Global Polio Eradication Initiative.

Epidemiology

Enterovirus C is found worldwide, but the incidence of poliomyelitis has decreased dramatically due to widespread vaccination efforts. Endemic transmission of poliovirus has been interrupted in most countries, although outbreaks can still occur in areas with low vaccination coverage.

Related pages

• Poliovirus
• Poliomyelitis
• Picornaviridae
• Viral meningitis