Lennox–Gastaut syndrome

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Lennox–Gastaut syndrome
File:Spike-waves.png EEG showing slow spike-wave complexes, characteristic of Lennox–Gastaut syndrome
Synonyms	N/A
Pronounce	N/A
Specialty	N/A
Symptoms	Seizures, intellectual disability, developmental delay
Complications	N/A
Onset	Childhood
Duration	Long-term
Types	Atonic seizures, tonic seizures, atypical absence seizures
Causes	Often unknown, can be due to brain injury, genetic disorders, infections
Risks	Developmental delay, intellectual disability
Diagnosis	EEG, clinical history, neuroimaging
Differential diagnosis	Dravet syndrome, West syndrome, Doose syndrome
Prevention	N/A
Treatment	Antiepileptic drugs, ketogenic diet, vagus nerve stimulation, corpus callosotomy
Medication	N/A
Prognosis	Variable, often involves lifelong management
Frequency	Rare
Deaths	N/A

Lennox–Gastaut syndrome (LGS) is a complex, rare, and severe childhood-onset epilepsy. It is characterized by multiple and concurrent seizure types, cognitive dysfunction, and slow spike waves on electroencephalogram (EEG). It typically presents between the ages of 3 and 5 years and can persist into adulthood.

Symptoms

The syndrome is characterized by frequent seizures and different seizure types; it is often accompanied by developmental delay, and psychological and behavioral problems.

Seizure types

The most common seizure types in LGS are tonic (stiffening) and atonic (drop) seizures. Tonic seizures often occur during sleep. Atonic seizures lead to sudden falls and are therefore called "drop attacks". A third type of seizure, atypical absence seizures, leads to a decrease in muscle tone.

Causes

The cause of LGS is often unknown. However, in some cases, brain malformations, severe head injuries, central nervous system infections, and genetic or metabolic conditions can be identified.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis is based on clinical observation and EEG findings. The EEG in LGS often shows a characteristic pattern called slow spike-wave complexes.

Treatment

Treatment is typically with antiepileptic medications such as valproate, lamotrigine, felbamate, or topiramate. There is no single best treatment for all children with LGS.

Prognosis

The prognosis for individuals with LGS varies. There is no cure for the syndrome, but the seizures can be controlled with medication in some cases.

See also

• Epilepsy
• Seizure types
• Antiepileptic medications

References

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