Xerostomia

Editor-In-Chief: Prab R Tumpati, MD
Obesity, Sleep & Internal medicine
Founder, WikiMD Wellnesspedia &
W8MD medical weight loss NYC and sleep center NYC

Xerostomia
Synonyms	Dry mouth, hyposalivation, pasties
Pronounce	N/A
Specialty	N/A
Symptoms	Dry mouth, difficulty swallowing, bad breath, altered taste
Complications	Dental caries, oral infections, dysphagia
Onset	Can occur at any age, more common in older adults
Duration	Can be temporary or chronic
Types	N/A
Causes	Medications, radiation therapy, autoimmune diseases
Risks	Smoking, alcohol consumption, dehydration
Diagnosis	Clinical examination, salivary flow test
Differential diagnosis	Sjogren's syndrome, diabetes mellitus, HIV/AIDS
Prevention	N/A
Treatment	Saliva substitutes, sugar-free gum, hydration
Medication	Pilocarpine, cevimeline
Prognosis	N/A
Frequency	Common, especially in older adults
Deaths	N/A

Oral Neutralization Curve in Normal Conditions and in Xerostomia

Condition of dry mouth due to reduced or absent saliva flow

Xerostomia, commonly known as dry mouth, is a condition characterized by a decrease in saliva production. This can lead to difficulties in speaking, eating, and swallowing, as well as an increased risk of dental decay and oral infections.

Causes

Xerostomia can result from various factors, including:

• Medications: Many prescription and over-the-counter drugs can cause dry mouth as a side effect. These include antihistamines, decongestants, pain medications, diuretics, and antidepressants.
• Medical conditions: Diseases such as Sjogren's syndrome, diabetes mellitus, HIV/AIDS, and Parkinson's disease can lead to xerostomia.
• Radiation therapy: Patients undergoing radiation treatment for head and neck cancers may experience damage to the salivary glands, resulting in reduced saliva production.
• Dehydration: Insufficient fluid intake or conditions that cause excessive fluid loss, such as fever, sweating, vomiting, diarrhea, blood loss, or burns, can lead to dry mouth.
• Lifestyle factors: Smoking or chewing tobacco and alcohol consumption can exacerbate dry mouth symptoms.

Symptoms

The symptoms of xerostomia can vary in severity and may include:

• A sticky, dry feeling in the mouth
• Frequent thirst
• Sores or split skin at the corners of the mouth
• Cracked lips
• A dry, rough tongue
• A burning or tingling sensation in the mouth
• Difficulty chewing, speaking, and swallowing
• Hoarseness, dry nasal passages, and sore throat

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of xerostomia typically involves a thorough medical history and physical examination. Healthcare providers may also perform tests to measure saliva flow and assess the health of the salivary glands. Imaging studies or biopsies may be conducted if an underlying condition is suspected.

Management

Management of xerostomia focuses on relieving symptoms and preventing complications. Strategies include:

• Hydration: Increasing fluid intake can help alleviate dry mouth symptoms.
• Saliva substitutes: Over-the-counter saliva substitutes and mouthwashes can provide temporary relief.
• Stimulation of saliva production: Chewing sugar-free gum or sucking on sugar-free candies can stimulate saliva flow.
• Medications: Prescription medications such as pilocarpine or cevimeline may be used to stimulate saliva production in certain cases.
• Oral hygiene: Maintaining good oral hygiene is crucial to prevent dental decay and infections. Regular dental check-ups are recommended.

Complications

If left untreated, xerostomia can lead to several complications, including:

• Increased risk of dental caries
• Oral infections such as candidiasis
• Difficulty in wearing dentures
• Nutritional deficiencies due to difficulty in eating

Prevention

Preventive measures for xerostomia include:

• Avoiding tobacco and alcohol
• Using a humidifier to add moisture to the air
• Practicing good oral hygiene
• Regular dental visits

See also

• Salivary gland
• Sjogren's syndrome
• Oral hygiene