DNA methylation

DNA methylation is a biochemical process that plays a crucial role in the development of nearly all types of cells in the human body. It involves the addition of a methyl group to the DNA molecule, which can change the activity of a DNA segment without changing its sequence. DNA methylation is an important process in cellular differentiation, genomic imprinting, X-chromosome inactivation, and aging.

Overview

DNA methylation is a chemical modification of the DNA molecule where a methyl group is added to a cytosine or adenine DNA nucleotide. In mammals, DNA methylation typically occurs at a cytosine that is followed by a guanine nucleotide in the linear sequence of bases along its length. This position is called a CpG site.

Function

DNA methylation serves several important functions in the body. It is critical for cell differentiation, where it helps to turn off any genes that are not needed by a particular type of cell. This allows the cells to function efficiently. DNA methylation is also involved in controlling the timing of DNA replication during cell division.

Role in Disease

Abnormal DNA methylation patterns are often observed in cancer and other diseases. In cancer, the DNA methylation landscape can become extensively reprogrammed, leading to the activation of oncogenes and the silencing of tumor suppressor genes. This can promote the development and progression of the disease.

See Also

• Epigenetics
• Histone modification
• Genetic imprinting

References

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