Craniofacial abnormalities

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Craniofacial Abnormalities

Craniofacial abnormalities (pronunciation: kray-nee-oh-fey-shuhl ab-nor-mal-uh-tees) are a diverse group of deformities in the growth of the head and facial bones. These abnormalities are congenital and can cause both physical and mental health problems.

Etymology

The term "Craniofacial" is derived from the Latin words "cranium" (meaning skull) and "facies" (meaning face). The term "abnormalities" is derived from the Latin word "abnormis" which means "away from the norm".

Types of Craniofacial Abnormalities

There are many types of craniofacial abnormalities, including:

  • Cleft Lip and Palate: This is a type of craniofacial abnormality where there is an opening or split in the upper lip, the roof of the mouth (palate) or both.
  • Craniosynostosis: This is a birth defect in which one or more of the fibrous joints between the bones of a baby's skull (cranial sutures) close prematurely.
  • Hemifacial Microsomia: This is a condition in which the lower half of one side of the face is underdeveloped and does not grow normally.
  • Pierre Robin Sequence: This is a condition present at birth, in which the infant has a smaller than normal lower jaw, a tongue that falls back in the throat, and difficulty breathing.

Causes

Craniofacial abnormalities are caused by a variety of factors, including genetic mutations, environmental factors, and certain medications taken during pregnancy. Some conditions, such as Treacher Collins Syndrome and Apert Syndrome, are caused by specific genetic mutations.

Treatment

Treatment for craniofacial abnormalities often involves surgery to correct the deformities. Other treatments may include speech therapy, dental care, and psychological counseling. The specific treatment plan will depend on the type and severity of the craniofacial abnormality.

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