Capsula

== Capsula ==

A capsula (plural: capsulae) is a term used in anatomy and biology to describe a membranous or fibrous structure that encloses an organ, a joint, or other anatomical structures. The term is derived from the Latin word for "small box" or "container."

Types of Capsulae

There are several types of capsulae in the human body, each serving different functions:

• Joint capsule: This type of capsula surrounds synovial joints, providing stability and containing the synovial fluid that lubricates the joint.
• Renal capsule: A tough fibrous layer surrounding the kidney and covered in a layer of perirenal fat.
• Glisson's capsule: A layer of connective tissue surrounding the liver.
• Bacterial capsule: A polysaccharide layer that lies outside the cell envelope of bacteria, providing protection against phagocytosis.

Functions

Capsulae serve several important functions in the body:

• **Protection**: They protect the enclosed structures from physical damage and infection.
• **Support**: They provide structural support to the organs and joints they enclose.
• **Containment**: They help contain fluids, such as synovial fluid in joints, ensuring proper lubrication and function.

Clinical Significance

Capsulae can be involved in various medical conditions:

• **Capsulitis**: Inflammation of a capsule, often seen in joints such as the shoulder (adhesive capsulitis or "frozen shoulder").
• **Capsular contracture**: A complication of breast implants where the capsule around the implant tightens, causing pain and distortion.

Related Anatomical Structures

• Ligament
• Tendon
• Fascia
• Peritoneum

See Also

• Synovial membrane
• Fibrous connective tissue
• Organ (anatomy)

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