Bornholm disease

An article about Bornholm disease, a viral infection

Bornholm Disease

Electron micrograph of Coxsackie B4 virus, a common cause of Bornholm disease

Bornholm disease, also known as epidemic pleurodynia, is an acute infectious disease characterized by sudden onset of fever and intense abdominal and chest pain. It is caused by infection with certain types of Coxsackie virus, particularly the Coxsackie B virus group.

Etiology

Bornholm disease is primarily caused by the Coxsackie B virus, which is a member of the Enterovirus genus. The disease is most commonly associated with Coxsackie B1, B2, B3, B4, and B5 serotypes. These viruses are transmitted via the fecal-oral route, respiratory droplets, or direct contact with infected individuals.

Clinical Presentation

The hallmark symptoms of Bornholm disease include:

• Sudden onset of sharp, stabbing chest or abdominal pain
• Fever
• Headache
• Muscle tenderness

The pain is often exacerbated by movement, deep breathing, or coughing, and it may mimic other conditions such as myocardial infarction or pleurisy.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of Bornholm disease is primarily clinical, based on the characteristic symptoms and history of exposure. Laboratory tests can confirm the presence of Coxsackie virus through:

• Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing of throat swabs, stool samples, or blood
• Serological tests to detect specific antibodies

Treatment

There is no specific antiviral treatment for Bornholm disease. Management is supportive and includes:

• Analgesics for pain relief
• Antipyretics to reduce fever
• Rest and hydration

Prognosis

The prognosis for Bornholm disease is generally good, with most patients recovering fully within a week. Complications are rare but can include myocarditis or pericarditis.

Epidemiology

Bornholm disease occurs worldwide, with outbreaks more common in temperate climates during the summer and early fall. It affects individuals of all ages, but children and young adults are more frequently affected.

History

The disease was first described in 1872 by the Danish physician Peter Panum during an outbreak on the island of Bornholm, Denmark, which gave the disease its name.

Related Pages

• Coxsackie virus
• Enterovirus
• Myocarditis
• Pleurisy