Emphysema

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Emphysema
Synonyms	N/A
Pronounce	N/A
Specialty	N/A
Symptoms	Shortness of breath, cough, wheezing
Complications	Pneumothorax, respiratory failure, cor pulmonale
Onset	Gradual
Duration	Long term
Types	N/A
Causes	Smoking, air pollution, alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency
Risks	Tobacco smoking, exposure to air pollutants, genetic factors
Diagnosis	Pulmonary function test, chest X-ray, CT scan
Differential diagnosis	Chronic bronchitis, asthma, bronchiectasis
Prevention	Smoking cessation, avoiding air pollutants
Treatment	Bronchodilators, corticosteroids, oxygen therapy, lung volume reduction surgery
Medication	Inhaled bronchodilators, inhaled corticosteroids
Prognosis	Variable, depends on severity and management
Frequency	Common, especially in smokers
Deaths	N/A

Emphysema is a chronic, progressive lung disease characterized by the damage of small air sacs in the lungs called alveoli. This damage leads to difficulty breathing, shortness of breath, and other respiratory symptoms. Emphysema is a major component of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), a group of lung diseases that cause airflow blockage and breathing-related problems.

Causes

The primary cause of emphysema is:

• Smoking – Long-term smoking is the leading cause of emphysema, as it damages the alveoli and decreases lung function over time.

Other contributing factors include:

• Air pollution – Long-term exposure to polluted air may contribute to the development of emphysema.
• Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency – A genetic disorder that can cause emphysema, particularly in smokers.

Symptoms

Common symptoms of emphysema include:

• Shortness of breath
• Chronic cough
• Fatigue
• Wheezing
• Chest tightness
• Reduced exercise tolerance
• Weight loss

Diagnosis

Emphysema is typically diagnosed using the following tests:

• Spirometry – A non-invasive lung function test that measures the amount and speed of air a person can exhale.
• Chest X-ray – Can show signs of emphysema, such as hyperinflation of the lungs.
• Computed tomography (CT) scan – A more detailed imaging test that can provide a clearer picture of the lungs and detect early-stage emphysema.

Treatment

While emphysema is not curable, treatment can help alleviate symptoms and slow disease progression. Treatment options include:

• Smoking cessation – Quitting smoking is the most important step in treating emphysema.
• Bronchodilators – Medications that relax and open the airways, making it easier to breathe.
• Inhaled corticosteroids – Help reduce inflammation in the airways.
• Oxygen therapy – Supplemental oxygen can be prescribed for those with low blood oxygen levels.
• Pulmonary rehabilitation – A comprehensive program that includes exercise, education, and support to help improve lung function and overall well-being.
• Lung volume reduction surgery – A surgical procedure that removes damaged lung tissue, allowing the remaining healthy lung tissue to function more efficiently.
• Lung transplantation – In severe cases, a lung transplant may be considered as a treatment option.

Prevention

Prevention strategies for emphysema include:

• Avoiding smoking or quitting if you smoke
• Reducing exposure to air pollution
• Wearing protective gear in occupations with exposure to lung irritants
• Maintaining a healthy lifestyle, including regular exercise and a balanced diet

Emphysema images

• 
  Diagram of emphysema
• 
  Histological section of emphysema
• 
  CT scan showing bullous emphysema
• 
  Pneumothorax with bullae
• 
  Giambattista Morgagni

See also

• Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
• Bronchitis
• Asthma
• Respiratory system

External links

• MedlinePlus Encyclopedia: 001283

– Emphysema (U.S. National Library of Medicine)

• American Lung Association – Emphysema Information and Resources
• World Health Organization – Chronic Respiratory Diseases

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