Coronary ischemia: Difference between revisions
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{{Infobox medical condition | |||
| name = Coronary ischemia | |||
| image = [[File:Coronary_arteries.svg|250px]] | |||
| caption = Diagram of the coronary arteries | |||
| field = [[Cardiology]] | |||
| synonyms = Myocardial ischemia | |||
| symptoms = [[Chest pain]], [[shortness of breath]], [[fatigue]] | |||
| complications = [[Myocardial infarction]], [[heart failure]], [[arrhythmia]] | |||
| onset = Sudden or gradual | |||
| duration = Variable | |||
| causes = [[Atherosclerosis]], [[coronary artery spasm]] | |||
| risks = [[Smoking]], [[hypertension]], [[diabetes mellitus]], [[hyperlipidemia]], [[obesity]], [[sedentary lifestyle]] | |||
| diagnosis = [[Electrocardiogram]], [[stress test]], [[coronary angiography]] | |||
| differential = [[Gastroesophageal reflux disease]], [[pulmonary embolism]], [[musculoskeletal pain]] | |||
| prevention = [[Lifestyle modification]], [[medication]] | |||
| treatment = [[Medication]], [[percutaneous coronary intervention]], [[coronary artery bypass grafting]] | |||
| medication = [[Nitrates]], [[beta blockers]], [[calcium channel blockers]], [[antiplatelet drugs]] | |||
| prognosis = Variable, depends on severity and treatment | |||
| frequency = Common, especially in older adults | |||
}} | |||
{{Short description|Condition of reduced blood flow to the heart muscle}} | {{Short description|Condition of reduced blood flow to the heart muscle}} | ||
'''Coronary ischemia''' is a medical condition characterized by reduced blood flow to the [[myocardium]], the muscular tissue of the [[heart]]. This condition is often a result of [[coronary artery disease]] (CAD), where the [[coronary arteries]] become narrowed or blocked, leading to insufficient oxygen supply to the heart muscle. | '''Coronary ischemia''' is a medical condition characterized by reduced blood flow to the [[myocardium]], the muscular tissue of the [[heart]]. This condition is often a result of [[coronary artery disease]] (CAD), where the [[coronary arteries]] become narrowed or blocked, leading to insufficient oxygen supply to the heart muscle. | ||
==Pathophysiology== | ==Pathophysiology== | ||
[[File:Coronary_arteries.svg|Coronary arteries diagram|thumb | [[File:Coronary_arteries.svg|Coronary arteries diagram|left|thumb]] | ||
Coronary ischemia occurs when there is an imbalance between the oxygen supply and demand of the heart muscle. The primary cause is the narrowing of the coronary arteries due to [[atherosclerosis]], a condition where [[plaque]] builds up on the artery walls. This narrowing reduces blood flow, especially during periods of increased demand, such as physical exertion or stress. | Coronary ischemia occurs when there is an imbalance between the oxygen supply and demand of the heart muscle. The primary cause is the narrowing of the coronary arteries due to [[atherosclerosis]], a condition where [[plaque]] builds up on the artery walls. This narrowing reduces blood flow, especially during periods of increased demand, such as physical exertion or stress. | ||
The heart muscle requires a constant supply of oxygen-rich blood to function effectively. When the blood flow is reduced, the heart muscle may not receive enough oxygen, leading to ischemia. If the ischemia is severe or prolonged, it can result in [[myocardial infarction]], commonly known as a heart attack. | The heart muscle requires a constant supply of oxygen-rich blood to function effectively. When the blood flow is reduced, the heart muscle may not receive enough oxygen, leading to ischemia. If the ischemia is severe or prolonged, it can result in [[myocardial infarction]], commonly known as a heart attack. | ||
==Symptoms== | ==Symptoms== | ||
The symptoms of coronary ischemia can vary depending on the severity and duration of the reduced blood flow. Common symptoms include: | The symptoms of coronary ischemia can vary depending on the severity and duration of the reduced blood flow. Common symptoms include: | ||
* [[Angina pectoris]]: A sensation of chest pain or discomfort, often described as pressure, squeezing, or fullness in the chest. It may also radiate to the shoulders, arms, neck, jaw, or back. | * [[Angina pectoris]]: A sensation of chest pain or discomfort, often described as pressure, squeezing, or fullness in the chest. It may also radiate to the shoulders, arms, neck, jaw, or back. | ||
* [[Dyspnea]]: Shortness of breath, especially during physical activity. | * [[Dyspnea]]: Shortness of breath, especially during physical activity. | ||
* [[Fatigue]]: Unusual tiredness or weakness. | * [[Fatigue]]: Unusual tiredness or weakness. | ||
* [[Palpitations]]: A sensation of rapid or irregular heartbeats. | * [[Palpitations]]: A sensation of rapid or irregular heartbeats. | ||
In some cases, coronary ischemia may be silent, with no noticeable symptoms, particularly in individuals with [[diabetes mellitus]]. | In some cases, coronary ischemia may be silent, with no noticeable symptoms, particularly in individuals with [[diabetes mellitus]]. | ||
==Diagnosis== | ==Diagnosis== | ||
The diagnosis of coronary ischemia involves a combination of clinical evaluation, laboratory tests, and imaging studies. Common diagnostic methods include: | The diagnosis of coronary ischemia involves a combination of clinical evaluation, laboratory tests, and imaging studies. Common diagnostic methods include: | ||
* [[Electrocardiogram]] (ECG): A test that records the electrical activity of the heart and can detect changes indicative of ischemia. | * [[Electrocardiogram]] (ECG): A test that records the electrical activity of the heart and can detect changes indicative of ischemia. | ||
* [[Stress test]]: A test that evaluates the heart's function under physical stress, often using a treadmill or stationary bike. | * [[Stress test]]: A test that evaluates the heart's function under physical stress, often using a treadmill or stationary bike. | ||
* [[Cardiac catheterization]]: An invasive procedure that involves threading a catheter through the blood vessels to the heart to visualize the coronary arteries and assess for blockages. | * [[Cardiac catheterization]]: An invasive procedure that involves threading a catheter through the blood vessels to the heart to visualize the coronary arteries and assess for blockages. | ||
[[File:Cardiac_catheterization.jpg|Cardiac catheterization procedure|left|thumb]] | |||
[[File:Cardiac_catheterization.jpg|Cardiac catheterization procedure|thumb | |||
==Treatment== | ==Treatment== | ||
The treatment of coronary ischemia aims to restore adequate blood flow to the heart muscle and prevent further complications. Treatment options include: | The treatment of coronary ischemia aims to restore adequate blood flow to the heart muscle and prevent further complications. Treatment options include: | ||
* [[Lifestyle modifications]]: Changes such as adopting a heart-healthy diet, regular exercise, smoking cessation, and weight management. | * [[Lifestyle modifications]]: Changes such as adopting a heart-healthy diet, regular exercise, smoking cessation, and weight management. | ||
* [[Medications]]: Drugs such as [[beta-blockers]], [[calcium channel blockers]], [[nitrates]], and [[antiplatelet agents]] to improve blood flow and reduce the risk of heart attacks. | * [[Medications]]: Drugs such as [[beta-blockers]], [[calcium channel blockers]], [[nitrates]], and [[antiplatelet agents]] to improve blood flow and reduce the risk of heart attacks. | ||
* [[Revascularization]] procedures: Techniques such as [[percutaneous coronary intervention]] (PCI) or [[coronary artery bypass grafting]] (CABG) to restore blood flow to the heart. | * [[Revascularization]] procedures: Techniques such as [[percutaneous coronary intervention]] (PCI) or [[coronary artery bypass grafting]] (CABG) to restore blood flow to the heart. | ||
==Prevention== | ==Prevention== | ||
Preventing coronary ischemia involves managing risk factors associated with coronary artery disease. Key preventive measures include: | Preventing coronary ischemia involves managing risk factors associated with coronary artery disease. Key preventive measures include: | ||
* Controlling [[hypertension]] and [[hyperlipidemia]]. | * Controlling [[hypertension]] and [[hyperlipidemia]]. | ||
* Maintaining a healthy [[diet]] and regular [[physical activity]]. | * Maintaining a healthy [[diet]] and regular [[physical activity]]. | ||
* Avoiding [[tobacco]] use and limiting [[alcohol]] consumption. | * Avoiding [[tobacco]] use and limiting [[alcohol]] consumption. | ||
* Managing [[diabetes]] and other chronic conditions effectively. | * Managing [[diabetes]] and other chronic conditions effectively. | ||
==See also== | |||
== | |||
* [[Coronary artery disease]] | * [[Coronary artery disease]] | ||
* [[Myocardial infarction]] | * [[Myocardial infarction]] | ||
* [[Angina pectoris]] | * [[Angina pectoris]] | ||
* [[Atherosclerosis]] | * [[Atherosclerosis]] | ||
[[Category:Cardiovascular diseases]] | [[Category:Cardiovascular diseases]] | ||
[[Category:Ischemic heart diseases]] | [[Category:Ischemic heart diseases]] | ||
Latest revision as of 13:45, 5 April 2025
Editor-In-Chief: Prab R Tumpati, MD
Obesity, Sleep & Internal medicine
Founder, WikiMD Wellnesspedia &
W8MD medical weight loss NYC and sleep center NYC
| Coronary ischemia | |
|---|---|
| |
| Synonyms | Myocardial ischemia |
| Pronounce | N/A |
| Specialty | N/A |
| Symptoms | Chest pain, shortness of breath, fatigue |
| Complications | Myocardial infarction, heart failure, arrhythmia |
| Onset | Sudden or gradual |
| Duration | Variable |
| Types | N/A |
| Causes | Atherosclerosis, coronary artery spasm |
| Risks | Smoking, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia, obesity, sedentary lifestyle |
| Diagnosis | Electrocardiogram, stress test, coronary angiography |
| Differential diagnosis | Gastroesophageal reflux disease, pulmonary embolism, musculoskeletal pain |
| Prevention | Lifestyle modification, medication |
| Treatment | Medication, percutaneous coronary intervention, coronary artery bypass grafting |
| Medication | Nitrates, beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, antiplatelet drugs |
| Prognosis | Variable, depends on severity and treatment |
| Frequency | Common, especially in older adults |
| Deaths | N/A |
Condition of reduced blood flow to the heart muscle
Coronary ischemia is a medical condition characterized by reduced blood flow to the myocardium, the muscular tissue of the heart. This condition is often a result of coronary artery disease (CAD), where the coronary arteries become narrowed or blocked, leading to insufficient oxygen supply to the heart muscle.
Pathophysiology[edit]
Coronary ischemia occurs when there is an imbalance between the oxygen supply and demand of the heart muscle. The primary cause is the narrowing of the coronary arteries due to atherosclerosis, a condition where plaque builds up on the artery walls. This narrowing reduces blood flow, especially during periods of increased demand, such as physical exertion or stress. The heart muscle requires a constant supply of oxygen-rich blood to function effectively. When the blood flow is reduced, the heart muscle may not receive enough oxygen, leading to ischemia. If the ischemia is severe or prolonged, it can result in myocardial infarction, commonly known as a heart attack.
Symptoms[edit]
The symptoms of coronary ischemia can vary depending on the severity and duration of the reduced blood flow. Common symptoms include:
- Angina pectoris: A sensation of chest pain or discomfort, often described as pressure, squeezing, or fullness in the chest. It may also radiate to the shoulders, arms, neck, jaw, or back.
- Dyspnea: Shortness of breath, especially during physical activity.
- Fatigue: Unusual tiredness or weakness.
- Palpitations: A sensation of rapid or irregular heartbeats.
In some cases, coronary ischemia may be silent, with no noticeable symptoms, particularly in individuals with diabetes mellitus.
Diagnosis[edit]
The diagnosis of coronary ischemia involves a combination of clinical evaluation, laboratory tests, and imaging studies. Common diagnostic methods include:
- Electrocardiogram (ECG): A test that records the electrical activity of the heart and can detect changes indicative of ischemia.
- Stress test: A test that evaluates the heart's function under physical stress, often using a treadmill or stationary bike.
- Cardiac catheterization: An invasive procedure that involves threading a catheter through the blood vessels to the heart to visualize the coronary arteries and assess for blockages.
Treatment[edit]
The treatment of coronary ischemia aims to restore adequate blood flow to the heart muscle and prevent further complications. Treatment options include:
- Lifestyle modifications: Changes such as adopting a heart-healthy diet, regular exercise, smoking cessation, and weight management.
- Medications: Drugs such as beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, nitrates, and antiplatelet agents to improve blood flow and reduce the risk of heart attacks.
- Revascularization procedures: Techniques such as percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) or coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) to restore blood flow to the heart.
Prevention[edit]
Preventing coronary ischemia involves managing risk factors associated with coronary artery disease. Key preventive measures include:
- Controlling hypertension and hyperlipidemia.
- Maintaining a healthy diet and regular physical activity.
- Avoiding tobacco use and limiting alcohol consumption.
- Managing diabetes and other chronic conditions effectively.
