Token economy

Token Economy

A Token economy is a system of behavior modification based on the systematic reinforcement of target behavior. The reinforcers are symbols or "tokens" that can be exchanged for other reinforcers. Token economy is based on the principles of operant conditioning and can be situated within applied behavior analysis (behaviorism). In applied settings token economies are used with children and adults; however, they have been successfully modeled on various populations and behaviors.

History

The token economy system was first used in a psychiatric hospital setting, but it has been used in many different aspects of society, including home, school, and community environments. The token economy system was first used in a therapeutic community setting in the 1960s.

Procedure

In a token economy, individuals receive tokens immediately after displaying desirable behavior. The tokens are collected and later exchanged for a meaningful object or privilege.

Applications

Token economies are used in many different environments including schools, homes, and treatment programs. They are used to manage a wide variety of behaviors.

Effectiveness

Research has shown that token economies can be effective in changing behavior in a variety of populations and settings.

Criticism

Despite the effectiveness of token economies, there are criticisms. Some argue that this type of program is manipulative, and others question the ethics of using rewards to change behavior.

See also

• Behavior modification
• Operant conditioning
• Applied behavior analysis

References

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