Bad breath

Overview of the causes, diagnosis, and management of bad breath

A depiction of a person experiencing halitosis.

Bad breath, also known as halitosis, is a condition characterized by an unpleasant odor of the breath. It can be a temporary issue or a chronic condition, often causing embarrassment and anxiety in social situations. Understanding the underlying causes and effective management strategies is crucial for those affected by this condition.

Causes

Bad breath can originate from various sources, primarily within the mouth, but also from systemic conditions.

Oral Causes

The majority of bad breath cases are due to oral causes. These include:

• Dental plaque: Accumulation of plaque on teeth and gums can harbor bacteria that produce foul-smelling compounds.
• Gingivitis and Periodontitis: Inflammation of the gums and supporting structures of the teeth can lead to bad breath.
• Dry mouth: Also known as xerostomia, a lack of saliva can lead to increased bacterial growth and odor.
• Tongue coating: Bacteria and debris on the tongue can produce volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs) responsible for bad breath.

Non-Oral Causes

While less common, systemic conditions can also contribute to halitosis:

• Respiratory tract infections: Conditions such as sinusitis, tonsillitis, and bronchitis can cause bad breath.
• Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD): Acid reflux can lead to an unpleasant odor in the mouth.
• Diabetes: Uncontrolled diabetes can result in a fruity odor due to ketone production.
• Liver or kidney disease: These conditions can lead to a distinct odor due to the accumulation of toxins in the body.

Diagnosis

Diagnosing the cause of bad breath involves a thorough examination by a healthcare professional. This may include:

• Oral examination: Checking for signs of dental disease, tongue coating, and dry mouth.
• Halimeter test: A device that measures the concentration of VSCs in the breath.
• Organoleptic measurement: A subjective assessment of breath odor by a trained professional.

Management

The management of bad breath depends on its underlying cause. General strategies include:

• Oral hygiene: Regular brushing, flossing, and tongue cleaning can reduce bacterial load and odor.
• Mouth rinses: Antimicrobial mouthwashes can help reduce bacteria and freshen breath.
• Hydration: Drinking water can help maintain saliva flow and reduce dry mouth.
• Dietary changes: Avoiding foods known to cause bad breath, such as garlic and onions.

For systemic causes, addressing the underlying medical condition is essential.

Prevention

Preventive measures include maintaining good oral hygiene, regular dental check-ups, and managing systemic health conditions. Avoiding tobacco products and limiting alcohol consumption can also help prevent bad breath.

Related pages

• Oral hygiene
• Dental caries
• Periodontal disease
• Xerostomia

A tongue with a visible coating, which can contribute to bad breath.