Prostaglandin

Prostaglandins are lipid compounds that function like hormones in the body, influencing a broad range of physiological processes. They belong to the group of eicosanoids, and they have local effects on the tissues where they are produced. Several types of prostaglandins exist, each playing unique roles in blood pressure regulation, smooth muscle contraction, inflammation, pain perception, and more. Some prostaglandins are also studied as potential biomarkers for cancer.<ref>,

 Prostaglandins in Cancer Cell Adhesion, Migration, and Invasion, 
 International Journal of Cell Biology, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Full text,</ref>

Prostaglandin E1

Biosynthesis of Prostaglandins

Prostaglandins are synthesized in the body from arachidonic acid, a type of fatty acid, through the cyclooxygenase (COX) pathway. The COX enzymes, namely COX-1 and COX-2, facilitate the conversion of arachidonic acid into prostaglandin H2, the precursor of other prostaglandins.<ref>,

 Cyclooxygenase-2 is an essential regulator of homeostasis, 
 The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Full text,</ref>

Functions of Prostaglandins

Prostaglandins have diverse functions depending on their type and location in the body:

Regulation of Blood Pressure

Prostaglandins such as PGI2 (prostacyclin) and PGE2 have vasodilatory effects, aiding in the regulation of blood pressure.

Contraction of Smooth Muscles

Prostaglandins can induce contractions in smooth muscle tissues. For instance, PGE2 and PGF2α are involved in uterine contractions during labor.

Inflammatory Response

Prostaglandins, notably PGE2, are involved in inflammation and pain signaling. They enhance the sensitivity of pain receptors and mediate fever response.

Prostaglandins and Cancer

Certain prostaglandins, especially PGE2, have been associated with cancer progression. High levels of PGE2 can promote tumor growth, angiogenesis, and immune evasion, hence its role as a potential cancer biomarker.<ref>,

 Prostaglandin E2 and Cancer, 
 Trends in Molecular Medicine, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Full text,</ref>

Inhibition of Prostaglandin Synthesis

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) like ibuprofen and aspirin inhibit the COX enzymes, reducing prostaglandin production. This underlies the anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic effects of NSAIDs.

See Also

• Eicosanoid
• Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug
• Cyclooxygenase
• Arachidonic acid

References

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