Daunorubicin: Difference between revisions

Daunorubicin
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Revision as of 17:33, 18 February 2025

An anthracycline antibiotic used in cancer treatment

Daunorubicin, also known as daunomycin, is an anthracycline antibiotic that is primarily used in the treatment of certain types of cancer, including acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). It is a chemotherapy agent that works by intercalating DNA, thereby inhibiting the synthesis of nucleic acids and inducing apoptosis in rapidly dividing cells.

Mechanism of Action

Daunorubicin exerts its effects by intercalating between base pairs in the DNA helix, thereby disrupting the function of topoisomerase II, an enzyme critical for DNA replication and repair. This interference prevents the proper unwinding of DNA, leading to breaks in the DNA strands and ultimately triggering cell death. Additionally, daunorubicin generates free radicals that cause further damage to cellular components.

Clinical Uses

Daunorubicin is primarily used in the treatment of:

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML)
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL)

It is often used in combination with other chemotherapeutic agents, such as cytarabine, to enhance its efficacy. The drug is administered intravenously, allowing it to rapidly reach systemic circulation and target cancerous cells throughout the body.

Side Effects

The use of daunorubicin is associated with several side effects, which can vary in severity. Common side effects include:

Myelosuppression, leading to decreased production of blood cells
Nausea and vomiting
Alopecia (hair loss)
Cardiotoxicity, which can lead to congestive heart failure

Due to its potential to cause cardiotoxicity, the cumulative dose of daunorubicin is carefully monitored, and patients may undergo regular cardiac evaluations during treatment.

Pharmacokinetics

Daunorubicin is metabolized primarily in the liver and is excreted in the bile and urine. Its half-life is approximately 18.5 hours, allowing for effective dosing schedules in chemotherapy regimens. The drug's lipophilic nature facilitates its penetration into tissues, including the central nervous system, although its efficacy in treating central nervous system leukemia is limited.

History

Daunorubicin was first isolated from the bacterium Streptomyces peucetius in the 1960s. It was one of the first anthracyclines to be used in clinical practice and paved the way for the development of other related compounds, such as doxorubicin.

Related pages

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-{{intro}}
+{{Short description|An anthracycline antibiotic used in cancer treatment}}
-Daunorubicin is an anthracycline antibiotic that has antineoplastic activity and is used in the therapy of acute [[leukemia]] and [[AIDS]] related Kaposi [[sarcoma]].
+{{Drugbox
+| verifiedfields = changed
-{{livtox}}
+| verifiedrevid = 477002123
-Daunorubicin is associated with a low rate of transient serum enzyme and [[bilirubin]] elevations during therapy, but has not been implicated in cases of clinically apparent acute [[liver injury]] with jaundice.
+| IUPAC_name = (8S,10S)-8-acetyl-10-[(3-amino-2,3,6-trideoxy-_-L-lyxo-hexopyranosyl)oxy]-7,8,9,10-tetrahydro-6,8,11-trihydroxy-1-methoxy-5,12-naphthacenedione
+| image = Daunorubicin.svg
+| width = 200px
+}}
-{{moa}}
+'''Daunorubicin''', also known as '''daunomycin''', is an anthracycline [[antibiotic]] that is primarily used in the treatment of certain types of [[cancer]], including [[acute myeloid leukemia]] (AML) and [[acute lymphoblastic leukemia]] (ALL). It is a chemotherapy agent that works by intercalating [[DNA]], thereby inhibiting the synthesis of [[nucleic acids]] and inducing apoptosis in rapidly dividing cells.
-Daunorubicin (daw” noe roo’ bi sin) is a parenterally administered, cytotoxic antibiotic which is believed to act by intercalating between [[DNA]] base pairs and uncoiling the [[DNA]] helix, which results in inhibition of [[DNA]] synthesis and apoptosis of rapidly dividing cells.
-{{fda}}
+==Mechanism of Action==
-Daunorubicin has potent activity in acute [[leukemia]] and was approved for this indication in the United States in 1979.  Current indications include induction of remission in acute lymphocytic and non-lymphocytic (myelogenous) [[leukemia]] both in children and adults.  Daunorubicin is available as a solution or a powder for injection in 20 and 50 mg vials [5 mg/mL] generically and under the brand name Cerubidine.  Daunorubicin is given intravenously, typically in a regimen of once daily for 3 days during induction and for two days of subsequent courses.  The dosage varies by indication, body surface area, patient age and renal and hepatic function.  A liposomal formulation of daunorubicin is available as a first line therapy for advanced HIV related Kaposi [[sarcoma]].
+Daunorubicin exerts its effects by intercalating between base pairs in the DNA helix, thereby disrupting the function of [[topoisomerase II]], an enzyme critical for DNA replication and repair. This interference prevents the proper unwinding of DNA, leading to breaks in the DNA strands and ultimately triggering cell death. Additionally, daunorubicin generates free radicals that cause further damage to cellular components.
-{{se}}
+==Clinical Uses==
-Common [[side effects]] of daunorubicin include [[bone marrow suppression]], [[nausea]], [[vomiting]], [[mucositis]], [[diarrhea]], [[alopecia]], [[skin rash]], red urine and [[fever]].  High doses or prolonged therapy can cause serious cardiac toxicity which is a major dose limiting side effect.  Local extravasation of daunorubicin causes severe local tissue injury.
+Daunorubicin is primarily used in the treatment of:
+* [[Acute myeloid leukemia]] (AML)
+* [[Acute lymphoblastic leukemia]] (ALL)
-{{cancer drugs}}
+It is often used in combination with other chemotherapeutic agents, such as [[cytarabine]], to enhance its efficacy. The drug is administered intravenously, allowing it to rapidly reach systemic circulation and target cancerous cells throughout the body.
-{{coststubd}}
+==Side Effects==
-<gallery>
+The use of daunorubicin is associated with several side effects, which can vary in severity. Common side effects include:
-File:Daunorubicin.jpg|Daunorubicin chemical structure
+* [[Myelosuppression]], leading to decreased production of blood cells
-File:Daunorubicin2DACS.svg|2D structure of Daunorubicin
+* [[Nausea]] and [[vomiting]]
-File:Daunorubicin_ball-and-stick.png|Ball-and-stick model of Daunorubicin
+* [[Alopecia]] (hair loss)
-File:Sarco-device.jpg|Sarco device
+* [[Cardiotoxicity]], which can lead to [[congestive heart failure]]
-</gallery>
+Due to its potential to cause cardiotoxicity, the cumulative dose of daunorubicin is carefully monitored, and patients may undergo regular cardiac evaluations during treatment.
+==Pharmacokinetics==
+Daunorubicin is metabolized primarily in the liver and is excreted in the bile and urine. Its half-life is approximately 18.5 hours, allowing for effective dosing schedules in chemotherapy regimens. The drug's lipophilic nature facilitates its penetration into tissues, including the [[central nervous system]], although its efficacy in treating [[central nervous system leukemia]] is limited.
+==History==
+Daunorubicin was first isolated from the bacterium ''Streptomyces peucetius'' in the 1960s. It was one of the first anthracyclines to be used in clinical practice and paved the way for the development of other related compounds, such as [[doxorubicin]].
+==Related pages==
+* [[Doxorubicin]]
+* [[Chemotherapy]]
+* [[Leukemia]]
+* [[Antibiotics]]
+[[Category:Chemotherapy agents]]
+[[Category:Anthracyclines]]
+[[Category:Antibiotics]]