Emetine

Emetine is an alkaloid that is derived from the ipecacuanha plant. It is used as an anti-protozoal agent and has been used in the treatment of amoebic dysentery and amoebic liver abscess for many years. Emetine has a direct amoebicidal effect and it also has an anti-inflammatory effect on the intestinal mucosa.

History

Emetine was first isolated from the roots of the ipecacuanha plant in the early 19th century. It was initially used as an emetic, hence its name. However, its use as an emetic has largely been superseded by its use as an anti-protozoal agent.

Pharmacology

Emetine works by inhibiting protein synthesis in amoeba, leading to their death. It is rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and is widely distributed in body tissues. Emetine is excreted slowly, mainly in the urine, and its effects can persist for several days after administration.

Clinical use

Emetine is used in the treatment of amoebic dysentery and amoebic liver abscess. It is usually given by injection, but can also be given orally. The usual dose is 1 to 1.5 mg/kg/day for up to 10 days. Emetine should not be used in pregnancy, as it can cause fetal harm.

Side effects

The most common side effects of emetine are nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain. Other side effects can include cardiotoxicity, myotoxicity, and neurotoxicity. Emetine should be used with caution in patients with heart disease, liver disease, or kidney disease.

See also

• Amoebic dysentery
• Amoebic liver abscess
• Anti-protozoal agents
• Ipecacuanha

References

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