Valve replacement

Valve Replacement

Illustration of an artificial heart valve

Valve replacement is a surgical procedure in which a patient's diseased heart valve is replaced with a prosthetic valve. This procedure is typically performed to treat conditions such as valvular stenosis or valvular insufficiency.

Types of Valve Replacement

There are two main types of prosthetic heart valves used in valve replacement surgeries:

Mechanical Valves

Mechanical valves are made from durable materials such as titanium or carbon. These valves are designed to last a lifetime, but patients with mechanical valves are required to take anticoagulant medication to prevent blood clots. Common types of mechanical valves include the bileaflet valve and the tilting disc valve.

Biological Valves

Biological valves, also known as tissue valves, are made from animal tissues, such as porcine (pig) or bovine (cow) tissues, or from human donor tissue. These valves do not require long-term anticoagulation therapy, but they tend to wear out faster than mechanical valves and may need to be replaced after 10 to 20 years.

Indications for Valve Replacement

Valve replacement is indicated in patients with severe aortic stenosis, mitral stenosis, aortic regurgitation, or mitral regurgitation that cannot be managed with medication alone. Symptoms that may lead to valve replacement include shortness of breath, chest pain, syncope, and heart failure.

Surgical Procedure

Valve replacement surgery can be performed using traditional open-heart surgery or minimally invasive techniques. During the procedure, the patient is placed under general anesthesia, and the heart is accessed through an incision in the chest. The diseased valve is removed, and the prosthetic valve is sewn into place. The surgery typically lasts several hours, and patients may need to stay in the hospital for a week or more for recovery.

Risks and Complications

As with any major surgery, valve replacement carries risks such as infection, bleeding, and stroke. Specific risks associated with valve replacement include prosthetic valve endocarditis, thrombosis, and valve dysfunction.

Recovery and Prognosis

Recovery from valve replacement surgery can take several weeks to months. Patients are often advised to participate in cardiac rehabilitation programs to improve their recovery. The prognosis after valve replacement is generally good, with many patients experiencing significant improvement in symptoms and quality of life.

Related Pages

• Heart valve
• Cardiac surgery
• Aortic valve replacement
• Mitral valve replacement

References

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