Triple response of Lewis: Difference between revisions
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{{ | {{DISPLAYTITLE:Triple Response of Lewis}} | ||
The ''' | == Overview == | ||
The '''Triple Response of Lewis''' is a physiological reaction of the skin to injury or irritation, first described by Sir [[Thomas Lewis]] in the early 20th century. This response is a classic demonstration of the body's inflammatory response and involves three distinct phases: redness, flare, and wheal. | |||
==Phases of the Triple Response== | == Phases of the Triple Response == | ||
=== | === Redness === | ||
The | [[File:Rispostadilewis.jpg|thumb|right|Illustration of the Triple Response of Lewis]] | ||
The initial phase of the triple response is the appearance of a red line at the site of injury. This occurs within seconds of the stimulus and is due to the dilation of capillaries in the area. The redness is a direct result of the release of [[histamine]] from [[mast cells]], which causes the blood vessels to widen, allowing more blood to flow into the area. | |||
===Flare=== | === Flare === | ||
Following the | Following the initial redness, a flare or diffuse redness spreads out from the site of injury. This is caused by an axon reflex, where the stimulation of sensory nerves leads to the release of vasodilatory substances, such as [[substance P]] and [[calcitonin gene-related peptide]] (CGRP), from nerve endings. These substances further promote vasodilation and increase blood flow, resulting in the characteristic flare. | ||
===Wheal=== | === Wheal === | ||
The final phase is the formation of a wheal, which is a | The final phase is the formation of a wheal, which is a raised, swollen area at the site of injury. This occurs due to increased permeability of the blood vessels, allowing plasma to leak into the surrounding tissue. The wheal is also mediated by histamine and other inflammatory mediators, contributing to the swelling and edema observed. | ||
==Mechanism== | == Mechanism == | ||
The triple response is primarily mediated by the release of [[ | The triple response is primarily mediated by the release of histamine and other inflammatory mediators from mast cells and sensory nerves. The process begins with the mechanical or chemical stimulation of the skin, which activates [[nociceptors]] and mast cells. The subsequent release of histamine causes vasodilation and increased vascular permeability, while the axon reflex further amplifies the response through the release of neuropeptides. | ||
==Clinical Significance== | == Clinical Significance == | ||
The | The Triple Response of Lewis is an important concept in understanding the body's inflammatory response and is used in clinical settings to assess the integrity of the [[nervous system]] and the function of [[mast cells]]. It is also a useful demonstration in medical education to illustrate the basic principles of inflammation and the role of the [[immune system]] in responding to injury. | ||
==Related | == Related Pages == | ||
* [[Inflammation]] | |||
* [[Histamine]] | * [[Histamine]] | ||
* [[Mast cell]] | * [[Mast cell]] | ||
* [[Nervous system]] | |||
* [[Immune system]] | |||
[[Category:Physiology]] | |||
[[Category:Dermatology]] | [[Category:Dermatology]] | ||
Latest revision as of 05:47, 16 February 2025
Overview[edit]
The Triple Response of Lewis is a physiological reaction of the skin to injury or irritation, first described by Sir Thomas Lewis in the early 20th century. This response is a classic demonstration of the body's inflammatory response and involves three distinct phases: redness, flare, and wheal.
Phases of the Triple Response[edit]
Redness[edit]
The initial phase of the triple response is the appearance of a red line at the site of injury. This occurs within seconds of the stimulus and is due to the dilation of capillaries in the area. The redness is a direct result of the release of histamine from mast cells, which causes the blood vessels to widen, allowing more blood to flow into the area.
Flare[edit]
Following the initial redness, a flare or diffuse redness spreads out from the site of injury. This is caused by an axon reflex, where the stimulation of sensory nerves leads to the release of vasodilatory substances, such as substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), from nerve endings. These substances further promote vasodilation and increase blood flow, resulting in the characteristic flare.
Wheal[edit]
The final phase is the formation of a wheal, which is a raised, swollen area at the site of injury. This occurs due to increased permeability of the blood vessels, allowing plasma to leak into the surrounding tissue. The wheal is also mediated by histamine and other inflammatory mediators, contributing to the swelling and edema observed.
Mechanism[edit]
The triple response is primarily mediated by the release of histamine and other inflammatory mediators from mast cells and sensory nerves. The process begins with the mechanical or chemical stimulation of the skin, which activates nociceptors and mast cells. The subsequent release of histamine causes vasodilation and increased vascular permeability, while the axon reflex further amplifies the response through the release of neuropeptides.
Clinical Significance[edit]
The Triple Response of Lewis is an important concept in understanding the body's inflammatory response and is used in clinical settings to assess the integrity of the nervous system and the function of mast cells. It is also a useful demonstration in medical education to illustrate the basic principles of inflammation and the role of the immune system in responding to injury.
