Aconitase

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  Aconitase structure
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  Aconitase enzyme
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  Citrate molecule
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  Cis-Aconitate molecule
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  Isocitric acid structure
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  Aconitase reaction mechanism
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  Citrate binding site
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  Isocitrate binding site

Aconitase

Aconitase is an enzyme that plays a crucial role in the citric acid cycle, also known as the Krebs cycle, which is a key metabolic pathway that provides energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) through the oxidation of acetyl-CoA derived from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. Aconitase catalyzes the stereospecific isomerization of citrate to isocitrate via the intermediate cis-aconitate.

Structure

Aconitase is an iron-sulfur protein that contains a [4Fe-4S] cluster, which is essential for its enzymatic activity. The enzyme exists in two forms: mitochondrial aconitase, which is involved in the citric acid cycle, and cytosolic aconitase, which also functions as an iron regulatory protein (IRP1) that regulates iron metabolism by binding to iron-responsive elements (IREs) on mRNA.

Function

In the citric acid cycle, aconitase catalyzes the reversible isomerization of citrate to isocitrate. This reaction involves the dehydration of citrate to form cis-aconitate, followed by the rehydration of cis-aconitate to produce isocitrate. This step is crucial for the continuation of the citric acid cycle, as isocitrate is subsequently oxidized by isocitrate dehydrogenase to produce _-ketoglutarate, carbon dioxide, and NADH.

Mechanism

The mechanism of aconitase involves the coordination of the substrate citrate to the [4Fe-4S] cluster, which facilitates the removal of a hydroxyl group from citrate to form cis-aconitate. The enzyme then re-adds a hydroxyl group to the intermediate, resulting in the formation of isocitrate. The [4Fe-4S] cluster plays a critical role in the enzyme's ability to catalyze this reaction by stabilizing the transition state and facilitating the rearrangement of the substrate.

Regulation

Aconitase activity is regulated by the availability of its [4Fe-4S] cluster, which can be affected by cellular iron levels and oxidative stress. In conditions of low iron availability or oxidative stress, the [4Fe-4S] cluster can be disassembled, converting aconitase into its inactive form. In its cytosolic form, aconitase acts as an iron regulatory protein, binding to IREs on mRNA to regulate the translation of proteins involved in iron storage and transport.

Clinical Significance

Dysfunction of aconitase can lead to metabolic disorders due to impaired energy production. Additionally, the enzyme's role in iron metabolism links it to conditions such as iron deficiency anemia and hemochromatosis. The sensitivity of the [4Fe-4S] cluster to oxidative damage also implicates aconitase in neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease, where oxidative stress is a contributing factor.

Related pages

• Citric acid cycle
• Iron-sulfur protein
• Isocitrate dehydrogenase
• Iron regulatory protein