Ammonium perchlorate

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  Ammonium perchlorate
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  Ammonium perchlorate unit cell 3D model
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  100 grams of ammonium perchlorate

Ammonium Perchlorate

Ammonium perchlorate is an inorganic compound with the formula NH_ClO_. It is a white crystalline solid that is highly soluble in water. Ammonium perchlorate is a powerful oxidizer and is commonly used in rocket propellants, explosives, and pyrotechnics.

Chemical Properties

Ammonium perchlorate is composed of the ammonium cation (NH__) and the perchlorate anion (ClO__). The compound is known for its high oxygen content, which makes it an effective oxidizing agent. It decomposes at high temperatures to release oxygen, which can then react with a fuel to produce a rapid release of energy.

The decomposition of ammonium perchlorate can be represented by the following chemical equation:

NH_ClO_ _ N_ + 2 H_O + 1/2 O_ + HCl

This decomposition is exothermic and is a key reaction in the use of ammonium perchlorate in propellants.

Uses

Rocket Propellants

Ammonium perchlorate is a major component of composite solid rocket propellants. It is used in conjunction with a fuel, such as powdered aluminum, and a binder, such as hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene (HTPB), to create a propellant that is stable, powerful, and efficient. The oxidizing properties of ammonium perchlorate allow it to provide the necessary oxygen for the combustion of the fuel, resulting in the production of hot gases that are expelled to produce thrust.

Explosives

In addition to its use in rocket propellants, ammonium perchlorate is also used in some explosive formulations. Its ability to rapidly release oxygen makes it useful in mixtures that require a strong oxidizer to achieve detonation.

Pyrotechnics

Ammonium perchlorate is used in pyrotechnic devices, such as fireworks, to produce bright colors and effects. The compound's oxidizing properties help to sustain the combustion of pyrotechnic compositions, allowing for the creation of vivid displays.

Safety and Handling

Ammonium perchlorate is classified as a hazardous material due to its oxidizing properties and potential for explosive decomposition. It must be handled with care, and appropriate safety measures should be taken to prevent accidental ignition or detonation. Storage conditions should minimize exposure to heat, shock, and friction.

Environmental Impact

The use of ammonium perchlorate in large quantities, particularly in military and aerospace applications, has raised concerns about its environmental impact. Perchlorate ions can persist in the environment and contaminate water supplies, posing risks to human health and ecosystems. Efforts are ongoing to develop methods for the remediation of perchlorate contamination.

Related Pages

• Rocket propellant
• Explosive
• Pyrotechnics
• Oxidizing agent

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