Disorders of calcium metabolism: Difference between revisions
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{{Infobox medical condition | |||
[[File:Ca-TableImage.svg| | | name = Disorders of calcium metabolism | ||
| image = [[File:Ca-TableImage.svg|250px]] | |||
| caption = Calcium is a vital mineral in the body, and its metabolism is crucial for various physiological functions. | |||
| field = [[Endocrinology]] | |||
| symptoms = [[Muscle cramps]], [[tetany]], [[osteoporosis]], [[kidney stones]], [[neurological symptoms]] | |||
| complications = [[Cardiac arrhythmias]], [[osteomalacia]], [[nephrocalcinosis]] | |||
| onset = Varies depending on the specific disorder | |||
| duration = Chronic or acute | |||
| causes = [[Hypoparathyroidism]], [[hyperparathyroidism]], [[vitamin D deficiency]], [[renal failure]], [[malabsorption]] | |||
| risks = [[Genetic predisposition]], [[dietary factors]], [[medications]] | |||
| diagnosis = [[Serum calcium test]], [[parathyroid hormone levels]], [[vitamin D levels]], [[bone density scan]] | |||
| differential = [[Hypocalcemia]], [[hypercalcemia]], [[osteoporosis]], [[Paget's disease of bone]] | |||
| treatment = [[Calcium supplements]], [[vitamin D therapy]], [[bisphosphonates]], [[parathyroidectomy]] | |||
| medication = [[Calcitriol]], [[calcium carbonate]], [[alendronate]] | |||
| prognosis = Varies; depends on underlying cause and treatment | |||
| frequency = Common, especially in older adults | |||
}} | |||
Disorders of calcium metabolism are a group of medical conditions that affect the regulation of calcium levels in the body. Calcium is an essential mineral that plays a critical role in various physiological processes, including bone formation, muscle contraction, nerve function, and blood clotting. The balance of calcium in the body is tightly regulated by the [[parathyroid hormone]] (PTH), [[vitamin D]], and the kidneys. | Disorders of calcium metabolism are a group of medical conditions that affect the regulation of calcium levels in the body. Calcium is an essential mineral that plays a critical role in various physiological processes, including bone formation, muscle contraction, nerve function, and blood clotting. The balance of calcium in the body is tightly regulated by the [[parathyroid hormone]] (PTH), [[vitamin D]], and the kidneys. | ||
== Calcium Homeostasis == | == Calcium Homeostasis == | ||
Calcium homeostasis refers to the maintenance of a stable concentration of calcium ions in the blood and extracellular fluid. The normal serum calcium level is approximately 8.5 to 10.5 mg/dL. The regulation of calcium involves: | Calcium homeostasis refers to the maintenance of a stable concentration of calcium ions in the blood and extracellular fluid. The normal serum calcium level is approximately 8.5 to 10.5 mg/dL. The regulation of calcium involves: | ||
* '''Parathyroid Hormone (PTH):''' Secreted by the [[parathyroid glands]], PTH increases blood calcium levels by stimulating osteoclasts to break down bone, increasing renal tubular reabsorption of calcium, and activating vitamin D. | * '''Parathyroid Hormone (PTH):''' Secreted by the [[parathyroid glands]], PTH increases blood calcium levels by stimulating osteoclasts to break down bone, increasing renal tubular reabsorption of calcium, and activating vitamin D. | ||
* '''Vitamin D:''' Enhances intestinal absorption of calcium and phosphate. | * '''Vitamin D:''' Enhances intestinal absorption of calcium and phosphate. | ||
* '''Calcitonin:''' Secreted by the [[thyroid gland]], it lowers blood calcium levels by inhibiting osteoclast activity. | * '''Calcitonin:''' Secreted by the [[thyroid gland]], it lowers blood calcium levels by inhibiting osteoclast activity. | ||
== Types of Disorders == | == Types of Disorders == | ||
=== Hypercalcemia === | === Hypercalcemia === | ||
[[Hypercalcemia]] is a condition characterized by an abnormally high level of calcium in the blood. Common causes include: | [[Hypercalcemia]] is a condition characterized by an abnormally high level of calcium in the blood. Common causes include: | ||
* '''Primary Hyperparathyroidism:''' Overactivity of one or more of the parathyroid glands. | * '''Primary Hyperparathyroidism:''' Overactivity of one or more of the parathyroid glands. | ||
* '''Malignancy:''' Certain cancers can cause hypercalcemia through bone metastasis or secretion of parathyroid hormone-related peptide (PTHrP). | * '''Malignancy:''' Certain cancers can cause hypercalcemia through bone metastasis or secretion of parathyroid hormone-related peptide (PTHrP). | ||
* '''Vitamin D Toxicity:''' Excessive intake of vitamin D supplements. | * '''Vitamin D Toxicity:''' Excessive intake of vitamin D supplements. | ||
Symptoms of hypercalcemia can include nausea, vomiting, constipation, polyuria, polydipsia, confusion, and in severe cases, cardiac arrhythmias. | Symptoms of hypercalcemia can include nausea, vomiting, constipation, polyuria, polydipsia, confusion, and in severe cases, cardiac arrhythmias. | ||
=== Hypocalcemia === | === Hypocalcemia === | ||
[[Hypocalcemia]] is defined as a low level of calcium in the blood. Causes include: | [[Hypocalcemia]] is defined as a low level of calcium in the blood. Causes include: | ||
* '''Hypoparathyroidism:''' Reduced secretion of PTH. | * '''Hypoparathyroidism:''' Reduced secretion of PTH. | ||
* '''Vitamin D Deficiency:''' Due to inadequate dietary intake, lack of sunlight, or malabsorption. | * '''Vitamin D Deficiency:''' Due to inadequate dietary intake, lack of sunlight, or malabsorption. | ||
* '''Chronic Kidney Disease:''' Impaired conversion of vitamin D to its active form. | * '''Chronic Kidney Disease:''' Impaired conversion of vitamin D to its active form. | ||
Symptoms of hypocalcemia may include muscle cramps, tetany, seizures, and cardiac arrhythmias. | Symptoms of hypocalcemia may include muscle cramps, tetany, seizures, and cardiac arrhythmias. | ||
== Diagnosis == | == Diagnosis == | ||
The diagnosis of calcium metabolism disorders involves: | The diagnosis of calcium metabolism disorders involves: | ||
* '''Serum Calcium Measurement:''' Total and ionized calcium levels. | * '''Serum Calcium Measurement:''' Total and ionized calcium levels. | ||
* '''PTH Levels:''' To assess parathyroid function. | * '''PTH Levels:''' To assess parathyroid function. | ||
* '''Vitamin D Levels:''' To evaluate vitamin D status. | * '''Vitamin D Levels:''' To evaluate vitamin D status. | ||
* '''Renal Function Tests:''' To assess kidney function. | * '''Renal Function Tests:''' To assess kidney function. | ||
== Treatment == | == Treatment == | ||
Treatment of calcium metabolism disorders depends on the underlying cause: | Treatment of calcium metabolism disorders depends on the underlying cause: | ||
* '''Hypercalcemia:''' May require hydration, diuretics, bisphosphonates, or calcitonin. | * '''Hypercalcemia:''' May require hydration, diuretics, bisphosphonates, or calcitonin. | ||
* '''Hypocalcemia:''' Treated with calcium supplements and vitamin D. | * '''Hypocalcemia:''' Treated with calcium supplements and vitamin D. | ||
== See also == | |||
== | |||
* [[Calcium in biology]] | * [[Calcium in biology]] | ||
* [[Parathyroid hormone]] | * [[Parathyroid hormone]] | ||
* [[Vitamin D]] | * [[Vitamin D]] | ||
* [[Bone metabolism]] | * [[Bone metabolism]] | ||
{{Disorders of calcium metabolism}} | {{Disorders of calcium metabolism}} | ||
[[Category:Endocrine disorders]] | [[Category:Endocrine disorders]] | ||
[[Category:Calcium]] | [[Category:Calcium]] | ||
Latest revision as of 18:20, 5 April 2025
Editor-In-Chief: Prab R Tumpati, MD
Obesity, Sleep & Internal medicine
Founder, WikiMD Wellnesspedia &
W8MD medical weight loss NYC and sleep center NYC
| Disorders of calcium metabolism | |
|---|---|
| |
| Synonyms | N/A |
| Pronounce | N/A |
| Specialty | N/A |
| Symptoms | Muscle cramps, tetany, osteoporosis, kidney stones, neurological symptoms |
| Complications | Cardiac arrhythmias, osteomalacia, nephrocalcinosis |
| Onset | Varies depending on the specific disorder |
| Duration | Chronic or acute |
| Types | N/A |
| Causes | Hypoparathyroidism, hyperparathyroidism, vitamin D deficiency, renal failure, malabsorption |
| Risks | Genetic predisposition, dietary factors, medications |
| Diagnosis | Serum calcium test, parathyroid hormone levels, vitamin D levels, bone density scan |
| Differential diagnosis | Hypocalcemia, hypercalcemia, osteoporosis, Paget's disease of bone |
| Prevention | N/A |
| Treatment | Calcium supplements, vitamin D therapy, bisphosphonates, parathyroidectomy |
| Medication | Calcitriol, calcium carbonate, alendronate |
| Prognosis | Varies; depends on underlying cause and treatment |
| Frequency | Common, especially in older adults |
| Deaths | N/A |
Disorders of calcium metabolism are a group of medical conditions that affect the regulation of calcium levels in the body. Calcium is an essential mineral that plays a critical role in various physiological processes, including bone formation, muscle contraction, nerve function, and blood clotting. The balance of calcium in the body is tightly regulated by the parathyroid hormone (PTH), vitamin D, and the kidneys.
Calcium Homeostasis[edit]
Calcium homeostasis refers to the maintenance of a stable concentration of calcium ions in the blood and extracellular fluid. The normal serum calcium level is approximately 8.5 to 10.5 mg/dL. The regulation of calcium involves:
- Parathyroid Hormone (PTH): Secreted by the parathyroid glands, PTH increases blood calcium levels by stimulating osteoclasts to break down bone, increasing renal tubular reabsorption of calcium, and activating vitamin D.
- Vitamin D: Enhances intestinal absorption of calcium and phosphate.
- Calcitonin: Secreted by the thyroid gland, it lowers blood calcium levels by inhibiting osteoclast activity.
Types of Disorders[edit]
Hypercalcemia[edit]
Hypercalcemia is a condition characterized by an abnormally high level of calcium in the blood. Common causes include:
- Primary Hyperparathyroidism: Overactivity of one or more of the parathyroid glands.
- Malignancy: Certain cancers can cause hypercalcemia through bone metastasis or secretion of parathyroid hormone-related peptide (PTHrP).
- Vitamin D Toxicity: Excessive intake of vitamin D supplements.
Symptoms of hypercalcemia can include nausea, vomiting, constipation, polyuria, polydipsia, confusion, and in severe cases, cardiac arrhythmias.
Hypocalcemia[edit]
Hypocalcemia is defined as a low level of calcium in the blood. Causes include:
- Hypoparathyroidism: Reduced secretion of PTH.
- Vitamin D Deficiency: Due to inadequate dietary intake, lack of sunlight, or malabsorption.
- Chronic Kidney Disease: Impaired conversion of vitamin D to its active form.
Symptoms of hypocalcemia may include muscle cramps, tetany, seizures, and cardiac arrhythmias.
Diagnosis[edit]
The diagnosis of calcium metabolism disorders involves:
- Serum Calcium Measurement: Total and ionized calcium levels.
- PTH Levels: To assess parathyroid function.
- Vitamin D Levels: To evaluate vitamin D status.
- Renal Function Tests: To assess kidney function.
Treatment[edit]
Treatment of calcium metabolism disorders depends on the underlying cause:
- Hypercalcemia: May require hydration, diuretics, bisphosphonates, or calcitonin.
- Hypocalcemia: Treated with calcium supplements and vitamin D.
