Miliary tuberculosis: Difference between revisions
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= Miliary | {{SI}} | ||
{{Infobox medical condition | |||
[[File:Chest radiograph of miliary tuberculosis 1.jpg|thumb|500px|Chest radiograph of miliary tuberculosis]] | | name = Miliary tuberculosis | ||
| image = [[File:PulmonaryTBCXR.png|left|thumb|Chest X-ray showing miliary tuberculosis]] | |||
| caption = Chest X-ray showing miliary tuberculosis | |||
| field = [[Infectious disease]] | |||
| symptoms = [[Fever]], [[night sweats]], [[weight loss]], [[cough]], [[shortness of breath]] | |||
| complications = [[Respiratory failure]], [[meningitis]], [[hepatitis]] | |||
| onset = Gradual | |||
| duration = Weeks to months | |||
| causes = [[Mycobacterium tuberculosis]] | |||
| risks = [[HIV/AIDS]], [[immunosuppression]], [[malnutrition]] | |||
| diagnosis = [[Chest X-ray]], [[CT scan]], [[tuberculin skin test]], [[interferon-gamma release assays]], [[sputum culture]] | |||
| differential = [[Sarcoidosis]], [[histoplasmosis]], [[coccidioidomycosis]] | |||
| treatment = [[Antibiotics]] such as [[isoniazid]], [[rifampicin]], [[ethambutol]], [[pyrazinamide]] | |||
| prognosis = Variable, depends on early diagnosis and treatment | |||
| frequency = Rare in developed countries, more common in developing regions | |||
}} | |||
[[File:Chest radiograph of miliary tuberculosis 1.jpg|left|thumb|500px|Chest radiograph of miliary tuberculosis]] | |||
'''Miliary Tuberculosis (TB)''' is a form of [[tuberculosis]] characterized by a wide dissemination into the human body and the tiny size of the lesions (resembling millet seeds). It results from the hematogenous spread of [[Mycobacterium tuberculosis]] and represents a severe, often life-threatening form of TB. | '''Miliary Tuberculosis (TB)''' is a form of [[tuberculosis]] characterized by a wide dissemination into the human body and the tiny size of the lesions (resembling millet seeds). It results from the hematogenous spread of [[Mycobacterium tuberculosis]] and represents a severe, often life-threatening form of TB. | ||
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== Pathophysiology == | == Pathophysiology == | ||
=== Hematogenous Dissemination === | === Hematogenous Dissemination === | ||
Hematogenous dissemination occurs when Mycobacterium tuberculosis spreads through the bloodstream to various organs. This can happen in both primary infection and reactivation of latent TB. | Hematogenous dissemination occurs when Mycobacterium tuberculosis spreads through the bloodstream to various organs. This can happen in both primary infection and reactivation of latent TB. | ||
=== Characteristics of Lesions === | === Characteristics of Lesions === | ||
The lesions in miliary TB are small, typically 1-5 mm in diameter, and resemble millet seeds in appearance, hence the name 'miliary'. | The lesions in miliary TB are small, typically 1-5 mm in diameter, and resemble millet seeds in appearance, hence the name 'miliary'. | ||
== Epidemiology == | == Epidemiology == | ||
Miliary TB is more common in: | Miliary TB is more common in: | ||
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* Young children and the elderly | * Young children and the elderly | ||
* Patients with a history of TB or latent TB infection | * Patients with a history of TB or latent TB infection | ||
== Clinical Features == | == Clinical Features == | ||
Patients with miliary TB may present with: | Patients with miliary TB may present with: | ||
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* Cough and difficulty breathing | * Cough and difficulty breathing | ||
* Organ-specific symptoms depending on the area of dissemination | * Organ-specific symptoms depending on the area of dissemination | ||
== Diagnosis == | == Diagnosis == | ||
=== Methods of Diagnosis === | === Methods of Diagnosis === | ||
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* '''CT Scan or MRI''': For more detailed imaging of affected organs | * '''CT Scan or MRI''': For more detailed imaging of affected organs | ||
* '''Tuberculin Skin Test''' and '''IGRA (Interferon Gamma Release Assays)''': To detect TB infection | * '''Tuberculin Skin Test''' and '''IGRA (Interferon Gamma Release Assays)''': To detect TB infection | ||
== Treatment == | == Treatment == | ||
Treatment involves a combination of [[antituberculosis drugs]] for an extended period, often lasting 6-12 months. The regimen typically includes: | Treatment involves a combination of [[antituberculosis drugs]] for an extended period, often lasting 6-12 months. The regimen typically includes: | ||
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* Pyrazinamide | * Pyrazinamide | ||
* Ethambutol | * Ethambutol | ||
== Prevention == | == Prevention == | ||
Preventive strategies include: | Preventive strategies include: | ||
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* Early detection and treatment of latent TB infection | * Early detection and treatment of latent TB infection | ||
* Public health measures to reduce the transmission of TB | * Public health measures to reduce the transmission of TB | ||
== Complications and Prognosis == | == Complications and Prognosis == | ||
Untreated miliary TB can lead to serious complications, including: | Untreated miliary TB can lead to serious complications, including: | ||
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* Meningitis | * Meningitis | ||
* Death | * Death | ||
The prognosis improves significantly with timely and adequate treatment. | The prognosis improves significantly with timely and adequate treatment. | ||
== Public Health and Global Impact == | == Public Health and Global Impact == | ||
Miliary TB is a significant public health challenge, particularly in regions with high rates of TB and HIV co-infection. | Miliary TB is a significant public health challenge, particularly in regions with high rates of TB and HIV co-infection. | ||
== References == | == References == | ||
<references> | <references> | ||
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* [https://www.cdc.gov/tb/ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention - Tuberculosis] | * [https://www.cdc.gov/tb/ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention - Tuberculosis] | ||
</references> | </references> | ||
== External Links == | == External Links == | ||
* [https://www.who.int/ World Health Organization] | * [https://www.who.int/ World Health Organization] | ||
* [https://www.cdc.gov/ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention] | * [https://www.cdc.gov/ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention] | ||
== See Also == | == See Also == | ||
* [[Tuberculosis]] | * [[Tuberculosis]] | ||
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* [[Latent Tuberculosis]] | * [[Latent Tuberculosis]] | ||
* [[Antituberculosis Drugs]] | * [[Antituberculosis Drugs]] | ||
[[Category:Tuberculosis]] | [[Category:Tuberculosis]] | ||
[[Category:Infectious Diseases]] | [[Category:Infectious Diseases]] | ||
{{stub}} | {{stub}} | ||
Latest revision as of 04:07, 8 April 2025
Editor-In-Chief: Prab R Tumpati, MD
Obesity, Sleep & Internal medicine
Founder, WikiMD Wellnesspedia &
W8MD's medical weight loss NYC, sleep center NYC
Philadelphia medical weight loss and Philadelphia sleep clinics
| Miliary tuberculosis | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Synonyms | N/A |
| Pronounce | N/A |
| Specialty | N/A |
| Symptoms | Fever, night sweats, weight loss, cough, shortness of breath |
| Complications | Respiratory failure, meningitis, hepatitis |
| Onset | Gradual |
| Duration | Weeks to months |
| Types | N/A |
| Causes | Mycobacterium tuberculosis |
| Risks | HIV/AIDS, immunosuppression, malnutrition |
| Diagnosis | Chest X-ray, CT scan, tuberculin skin test, interferon-gamma release assays, sputum culture |
| Differential diagnosis | Sarcoidosis, histoplasmosis, coccidioidomycosis |
| Prevention | N/A |
| Treatment | Antibiotics such as isoniazid, rifampicin, ethambutol, pyrazinamide |
| Medication | N/A |
| Prognosis | Variable, depends on early diagnosis and treatment |
| Frequency | Rare in developed countries, more common in developing regions |
| Deaths | N/A |
Miliary Tuberculosis (TB) is a form of tuberculosis characterized by a wide dissemination into the human body and the tiny size of the lesions (resembling millet seeds). It results from the hematogenous spread of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and represents a severe, often life-threatening form of TB.
Pathophysiology[edit]
Hematogenous Dissemination[edit]
Hematogenous dissemination occurs when Mycobacterium tuberculosis spreads through the bloodstream to various organs. This can happen in both primary infection and reactivation of latent TB.
Characteristics of Lesions[edit]
The lesions in miliary TB are small, typically 1-5 mm in diameter, and resemble millet seeds in appearance, hence the name 'miliary'.
Epidemiology[edit]
Miliary TB is more common in:
- Individuals with weakened immune systems, such as those with HIV/AIDS
- Young children and the elderly
- Patients with a history of TB or latent TB infection
Clinical Features[edit]
Patients with miliary TB may present with:
- Fever and night sweats
- Weight loss and fatigue
- Cough and difficulty breathing
- Organ-specific symptoms depending on the area of dissemination
Diagnosis[edit]
Methods of Diagnosis[edit]
- Chest X-ray: Shows a characteristic 'millet seed' pattern in the lungs
- Sputum Test: To identify Mycobacterium tuberculosis
- CT Scan or MRI: For more detailed imaging of affected organs
- Tuberculin Skin Test and IGRA (Interferon Gamma Release Assays): To detect TB infection
Treatment[edit]
Treatment involves a combination of antituberculosis drugs for an extended period, often lasting 6-12 months. The regimen typically includes:
- Isoniazid
- Rifampicin
- Pyrazinamide
- Ethambutol
Prevention[edit]
Preventive strategies include:
- Vaccination with the BCG vaccine in TB-endemic areas
- Early detection and treatment of latent TB infection
- Public health measures to reduce the transmission of TB
Complications and Prognosis[edit]
Untreated miliary TB can lead to serious complications, including:
- Disseminated organ failure
- Meningitis
- Death
The prognosis improves significantly with timely and adequate treatment.
Public Health and Global Impact[edit]
Miliary TB is a significant public health challenge, particularly in regions with high rates of TB and HIV co-infection.
References[edit]
<references>
</references>
