Trihexyphenidyl: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 04:59, 18 February 2025

Medication used to treat Parkinson's disease and drug-induced movement disorders

Trihexyphenidyl, also known by the brand name Artane, is a medication primarily used to treat Parkinson's disease and extrapyramidal symptoms caused by antipsychotic medications. It is classified as an anticholinergic agent.

Medical uses[edit]

Trihexyphenidyl is used to manage symptoms of Parkinson's disease, such as tremor, rigidity, and bradykinesia. It is also effective in treating drug-induced parkinsonism and other extrapyramidal side effects associated with the use of antipsychotic medications.

Mechanism of action[edit]

Trihexyphenidyl works by blocking acetylcholine receptors in the central nervous system. This action helps to restore the balance between acetylcholine and dopamine, which is often disrupted in Parkinson's disease and by certain medications.

Side effects[edit]

Common side effects of trihexyphenidyl include dry mouth, blurred vision, constipation, urinary retention, and confusion. In some cases, it may cause hallucinations or delirium, particularly in older adults.

Synthesis[edit]

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Synthesis of Trihexyphenidyl

The synthesis of trihexyphenidyl involves the reaction of alpha,alpha-diphenyl-4-piperidinemethanol with cyclohexyl bromide. This process results in the formation of the active compound.

Stereochemistry[edit]

Trihexyphenidyl has two enantiomers, (R)-trihexyphenidyl and (S)-trihexyphenidyl, which differ in their spatial arrangement.

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(R)-Trihexyphenidyl

Error creating thumbnail:

(S)-Trihexyphenidyl

History[edit]

Trihexyphenidyl was first introduced in the 1940s as a treatment for Parkinson's disease. It has since been used to manage drug-induced movement disorders, particularly those associated with antipsychotic medications.

Related pages[edit]

References[edit]

Trihexyphenidyl chemical structure
3D model of Trihexyphenidyl
Synthesis of Artane (Trihexyphenidyl)
(R)-Trihexyphenidyl structural formula
(S)-Trihexyphenidyl structural formula

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-{{intro}}
+{{Short description|Medication used to treat Parkinson's disease and drug-induced movement disorders}}
-Trihexyphenidyl is an oral anticholinergic agent used predominantly in the symptomatic therapy of [[Parkinson disease]] and movement disorders.
+{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}
-{{livtox}}
-Trihexyphenidyl has not been associated with serum enzyme elevations during treatment, but has been implicated in rare cases of acute liver injury.
-{{moa}}
-Trihexyphenidyl is an anticholinergic agent that blocks the central cholinergic receptors, helping to balance cholinergic transmission in the basal ganglia.  Trihexyphenidyl may also block dopamine reuptake and storage in central sites thus increasing dopaminergic activity.  The exact mechanism(s) by which the anticholinergic agents are beneficial for symptoms of [[Parkinson disease]] is unknown.  They are used largely in early Parkinsonism and as adjunctive therapy with levodopa or more potent anti[[Parkinson disease]] agents.  Trihexyphenidyl was approved for use in the United States in 1949 and has been in use since.
-{{use}}
+[[File:Trihexyphenidyl.svg|thumb|Chemical structure of Trihexyphenidyl]]
-Current indications include therapy of symptomatic [[Parkinson disease]], as well as spastic disorders and extrapyramidal disorders due to medications.
+[[File:Trihexyphenidyl_3D.png|thumb|3D model of Trihexyphenidyl]]
-{{dose}}
+'''Trihexyphenidyl''', also known by the brand name '''Artane''', is a [[medication]] primarily used to treat [[Parkinson's disease]] and [[extrapyramidal symptoms]] caused by [[antipsychotic]] medications. It is classified as an [[anticholinergic]] agent.
-Trihexyphenidyl is available in tablets of 2 and 5 mg, and as an elixir of 2 mg/5 mL in generic forms and formerly under the brand name Artane.  The recommended dose is 2 to 5 mg three times daily.
-{{se}}
+==Medical uses==
-Common side effects are due to its anticholinergic activity and include [[nervousness]], [[confusion]], [[drowsiness]], [[tachycardia]], [[blurred vision]], [[constipation]], [[dry mouth]], [[nausea]] and [[urinary retention]].
+Trihexyphenidyl is used to manage symptoms of [[Parkinson's disease]], such as [[tremor]], [[rigidity]], and [[bradykinesia]]. It is also effective in treating [[drug-induced parkinsonism]] and other [[extrapyramidal side effects]] associated with the use of antipsychotic medications.
-{{antiparkinson agents}}
-{{coststubd}}
+==Mechanism of action==
+Trihexyphenidyl works by blocking [[acetylcholine]] receptors in the [[central nervous system]]. This action helps to restore the balance between acetylcholine and [[dopamine]], which is often disrupted in Parkinson's disease and by certain medications.
+==Side effects==
+Common side effects of trihexyphenidyl include [[dry mouth]], [[blurred vision]], [[constipation]], [[urinary retention]], and [[confusion]]. In some cases, it may cause [[hallucinations]] or [[delirium]], particularly in older adults.
+==Synthesis==
+[[File:Artane_Synthesis.jpg|thumb|Synthesis of Trihexyphenidyl]]
+The synthesis of trihexyphenidyl involves the reaction of [[alpha,alpha-diphenyl-4-piperidinemethanol]] with [[cyclohexyl bromide]]. This process results in the formation of the active compound.
+==Stereochemistry==
+Trihexyphenidyl has two enantiomers, (R)-trihexyphenidyl and (S)-trihexyphenidyl, which differ in their spatial arrangement.
+[[File:(R)-Trihexyphenidyl_Structural_Formula_V1.svg|thumb|(R)-Trihexyphenidyl]]
+[[File:(S)-Trihexyphenidyl_Structural_Formula_V1.svg|thumb|(S)-Trihexyphenidyl]]
+==History==
+Trihexyphenidyl was first introduced in the 1940s as a treatment for Parkinson's disease. It has since been used to manage drug-induced movement disorders, particularly those associated with antipsychotic medications.
+==Related pages==
+* [[Parkinson's disease]]
+* [[Anticholinergic]]
+* [[Extrapyramidal symptoms]]
+==References==
+{{Reflist}}
+[[Category:Antiparkinsonian agents]]
+[[Category:Anticholinergics]]
+[[Category:Muscarinic antagonists]]
+<gallery>
+File:Trihexyphenidyl.svg|Trihexyphenidyl chemical structure
+File:Trihexyphenidyl_3D.png|3D model of Trihexyphenidyl
+File:Artane_Synthesis.jpg|Synthesis of Artane (Trihexyphenidyl)
+File:(R)-Trihexyphenidyl_Structural_Formula_V1.svg|(R)-Trihexyphenidyl structural formula
+File:(S)-Trihexyphenidyl_Structural_Formula_V1.svg|(S)-Trihexyphenidyl structural formula
+</gallery>