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== Applied Psychology ==
{{SI}}
 
{{Infobox medical condition
[[File:Photo_of_Hugo_Münsterberg.jpg|thumb|Hugo Münsterberg, a pioneer in applied psychology]]
| name            = Arteriosclerosis obliterans
 
| image          = [[File:Gray531.png|250px]]
'''Applied psychology''' is the use of psychological principles and theories to overcome problems in real life situations. It is a field that focuses on the practical application of research and theories from [[psychology]] to solve problems in various domains such as [[mental health]], [[business]], [[education]], [[health]], and [[law]].
| caption        = Diagram of an artery showing arteriosclerosis
 
| synonyms        = [[Peripheral artery disease]], [[peripheral vascular disease]]
== History ==
| specialty      = [[Vascular surgery]], [[Cardiology]]
 
| symptoms        = [[Claudication]], [[leg pain]], [[cold feet]], [[ulcers]]
The roots of applied psychology can be traced back to the late 19th and early 20th centuries. One of the pioneers of this field was [[Hugo Münsterberg]], a German-American psychologist who was instrumental in applying psychological concepts to areas such as [[industrial psychology]], [[clinical psychology]], and [[forensic psychology]]. Münsterberg's work laid the foundation for the development of applied psychology as a distinct discipline.
| complications  = [[Gangrene]], [[amputation]], [[heart attack]], [[stroke]]
 
| onset          = Typically after age 50
== Branches of Applied Psychology ==
| duration        = Long-term
 
| causes          = [[Atherosclerosis]], [[smoking]], [[diabetes]], [[hypertension]], [[high cholesterol]]
Applied psychology encompasses several subfields, each focusing on different aspects of human behavior and mental processes. Some of the major branches include:
| risks          = [[Smoking]], [[diabetes]], [[high blood pressure]], [[high cholesterol]], [[obesity]]
 
| diagnosis      = [[Ankle-brachial index]], [[Doppler ultrasound]], [[angiography]]
=== Clinical Psychology ===
| differential    = [[Deep vein thrombosis]], [[spinal stenosis]], [[arthritis]]
 
| prevention      = [[Smoking cessation]], [[exercise]], [[healthy diet]], [[cholesterol management]]
[[Clinical psychology]] involves the assessment and treatment of mental illness, abnormal behavior, and psychiatric problems. Clinical psychologists work in various settings, including hospitals, private practice, and academic institutions.
| treatment      = [[Lifestyle changes]], [[medications]], [[angioplasty]], [[bypass surgery]]
 
| medication      = [[Statins]], [[antiplatelet drugs]], [[cilostazol]]
=== Industrial-Organizational Psychology ===
| prognosis      = Variable, depends on severity and treatment
 
| frequency      = Common in older adults
[[Industrial and organizational psychology]] applies psychological theories to workplace environments. It focuses on improving productivity, selecting and training employees, and enhancing job satisfaction.
}}
 
{{Short description|A condition characterized by the thickening and hardening of the walls of the arteries, leading to reduced blood flow.}}
=== Educational Psychology ===
== Arteriosclerosis Obliterans ==
 
[[File:Gray531.png|left|thumb|Diagram of an artery showing arteriosclerosis.]]
[[Educational psychology]] studies how people learn and retain knowledge. It applies psychological principles to improve teaching methods and educational outcomes.
'''Arteriosclerosis obliterans''' is a form of [[arteriosclerosis]] involving the progressive thickening and hardening of the walls of the arteries. This condition leads to the narrowing and eventual blockage of the arteries, which can significantly reduce blood flow to various parts of the body.
 
== Pathophysiology ==
=== Health Psychology ===
Arteriosclerosis obliterans primarily affects the [[peripheral arteries]], particularly those supplying the [[lower extremities]]. The disease process involves the buildup of [[atherosclerotic plaques]] within the arterial walls. These plaques are composed of [[lipids]], [[calcium]], and other substances found in the blood. Over time, the plaques harden and narrow the arterial lumen, impeding blood flow.
 
== Clinical Manifestations ==
[[Health psychology]] examines how psychological factors influence health and illness. It aims to promote healthy behaviors and improve healthcare systems.
The symptoms of arteriosclerosis obliterans depend on the severity and location of the arterial blockage. Common symptoms include:
 
* [[Intermittent claudication]]: Pain and cramping in the legs during exercise, which is relieved by rest.
=== Forensic Psychology ===
* [[Rest pain]]: Persistent pain in the feet or toes, especially at night.
 
* [[Ulceration]] and [[gangrene]]: Severe cases may lead to tissue death due to lack of blood supply.
[[Forensic psychology]] involves the application of psychological knowledge to legal matters. It includes activities such as assessing the mental state of criminal defendants and providing expert testimony in court.
== Diagnosis ==
 
The diagnosis of arteriosclerosis obliterans is typically made through a combination of clinical evaluation and diagnostic tests. These may include:
== Applications ==
* [[Ankle-brachial index]] (ABI): A simple test comparing blood pressure in the ankle and arm.
 
* [[Doppler ultrasound]]: To assess blood flow in the arteries.
Applied psychology is used in various real-world settings to address a wide range of issues. Some applications include:
* [[Angiography]]: Imaging technique to visualize the arteries and identify blockages.
 
== Treatment ==
* Developing therapeutic interventions for mental health disorders.
Treatment for arteriosclerosis obliterans aims to relieve symptoms and prevent further progression of the disease. Options include:
* Designing educational programs and curricula.
* [[Lifestyle modifications]]: Smoking cessation, exercise, and dietary changes.
* Enhancing workplace productivity and employee well-being.
* [[Medications]]: Such as [[antiplatelet agents]], [[statins]], and [[vasodilators]].
* Promoting public health campaigns and interventions.
* [[Surgical interventions]]: Including [[angioplasty]], [[stenting]], or [[bypass surgery]] for severe cases.
* Assisting in legal cases through expert psychological evaluations.
== Prevention ==
 
Preventive measures focus on reducing risk factors associated with arteriosclerosis. These include:
== Challenges and Future Directions ==
* Maintaining a healthy diet low in saturated fats and cholesterol.
 
* Regular physical activity.
Applied psychology faces several challenges, including ethical considerations, the need for culturally sensitive practices, and the integration of technology in psychological interventions. Future directions for the field may involve greater interdisciplinary collaboration and the development of innovative methods to address complex societal issues.
* Controlling [[hypertension]], [[diabetes]], and [[hyperlipidemia]].
 
== See also ==
== Related Pages ==
* [[Atherosclerosis]]
 
* [[Peripheral artery disease]]
* [[Psychology]]
* [[Cardiovascular disease]]
* [[Clinical psychology]]
[[Category:Vascular diseases]]
* [[Industrial and organizational psychology]]
[[Category:Cardiovascular diseases]]
* [[Educational psychology]]
 
== Gallery ==
 
<gallery>
File:Picadilly_Circus_London_by_night_2006.jpg|Piccadilly Circus, a bustling area where applied psychology can be used to study consumer behavior and advertising effectiveness.
</gallery>
 
[[Category:Psychology]]
[[Category:Applied sciences]]

Latest revision as of 16:54, 4 April 2025

Editor-In-Chief: Prab R Tumpati, MD
Obesity, Sleep & Internal medicine
Founder, WikiMD Wellnesspedia &
W8MD medical weight loss NYC and sleep center NYC

Arteriosclerosis obliterans
Synonyms Peripheral artery disease, peripheral vascular disease
Pronounce N/A
Specialty Vascular surgery, Cardiology
Symptoms Claudication, leg pain, cold feet, ulcers
Complications Gangrene, amputation, heart attack, stroke
Onset Typically after age 50
Duration Long-term
Types N/A
Causes Atherosclerosis, smoking, diabetes, hypertension, high cholesterol
Risks Smoking, diabetes, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, obesity
Diagnosis Ankle-brachial index, Doppler ultrasound, angiography
Differential diagnosis Deep vein thrombosis, spinal stenosis, arthritis
Prevention Smoking cessation, exercise, healthy diet, cholesterol management
Treatment Lifestyle changes, medications, angioplasty, bypass surgery
Medication Statins, antiplatelet drugs, cilostazol
Prognosis Variable, depends on severity and treatment
Frequency Common in older adults
Deaths N/A


A condition characterized by the thickening and hardening of the walls of the arteries, leading to reduced blood flow.


Arteriosclerosis Obliterans[edit]

Diagram of an artery showing arteriosclerosis.

Arteriosclerosis obliterans is a form of arteriosclerosis involving the progressive thickening and hardening of the walls of the arteries. This condition leads to the narrowing and eventual blockage of the arteries, which can significantly reduce blood flow to various parts of the body.

Pathophysiology[edit]

Arteriosclerosis obliterans primarily affects the peripheral arteries, particularly those supplying the lower extremities. The disease process involves the buildup of atherosclerotic plaques within the arterial walls. These plaques are composed of lipids, calcium, and other substances found in the blood. Over time, the plaques harden and narrow the arterial lumen, impeding blood flow.

Clinical Manifestations[edit]

The symptoms of arteriosclerosis obliterans depend on the severity and location of the arterial blockage. Common symptoms include:

  • Intermittent claudication: Pain and cramping in the legs during exercise, which is relieved by rest.
  • Rest pain: Persistent pain in the feet or toes, especially at night.
  • Ulceration and gangrene: Severe cases may lead to tissue death due to lack of blood supply.

Diagnosis[edit]

The diagnosis of arteriosclerosis obliterans is typically made through a combination of clinical evaluation and diagnostic tests. These may include:

Treatment[edit]

Treatment for arteriosclerosis obliterans aims to relieve symptoms and prevent further progression of the disease. Options include:

Prevention[edit]

Preventive measures focus on reducing risk factors associated with arteriosclerosis. These include:

See also[edit]

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