Arterial embolism

Editor-In-Chief: Prab R Tumpati, MD
Obesity, Sleep & Internal medicine
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Arterial embolism
Arterial embolism
Synonyms	Arterial thromboembolism
Pronounce	N/A
Specialty	N/A
Symptoms	Pain, pallor, pulselessness, paresthesia, paralysis, poikilothermia
Complications	Tissue necrosis, gangrene, organ failure
Onset	Sudden
Duration	Variable
Types	N/A
Causes	Atrial fibrillation, atherosclerosis, heart valve disease, myocardial infarction
Risks	Smoking, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia
Diagnosis	Doppler ultrasound, angiography, CT scan, MRI
Differential diagnosis	Deep vein thrombosis, peripheral artery disease, compartment syndrome
Prevention	N/A
Treatment	Anticoagulation, thrombolysis, embolectomy
Medication	N/A
Prognosis	Depends on location and treatment
Frequency	Common in older adults
Deaths	N/A

A condition where an embolus blocks an artery

Introduction

An arterial embolism is a condition where an embolus, such as a blood clot, air bubble, or fat globule, travels through the bloodstream and lodges in an artery, causing a blockage. This can lead to tissue damage or ischemia due to the restricted blood flow. Arterial embolisms are medical emergencies that require prompt diagnosis and treatment to prevent serious complications.

Causes

The most common cause of arterial embolism is a thrombus that forms in the heart and breaks loose, traveling through the bloodstream until it becomes lodged in a smaller artery. This is often associated with conditions such as atrial fibrillation, myocardial infarction, or valvular heart disease. Other causes include:

• Atrial myxoma: A benign tumor in the heart that can release embolic material.
• Fat embolism: Often occurs after fractures of long bones.
• Air embolism: Can occur during certain medical procedures or trauma.

Atrial myxoma embolus

Symptoms

Symptoms of an arterial embolism depend on the location of the blockage. Common symptoms include:

• Sudden pain in the affected area
• Loss of function or sensation in the affected limb
• Pale or blue skin color
• Weak or absent pulse below the site of the embolism

If the embolism affects the brain, it can lead to a stroke, with symptoms such as sudden weakness, difficulty speaking, or loss of vision.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of an arterial embolism typically involves:

• Physical examination: Checking for signs of reduced blood flow.
• Doppler ultrasound: To assess blood flow in the arteries.
• Angiography: Imaging to visualize the blood vessels and locate the blockage.
• CT scan or MRI: To assess the extent of tissue damage.

Treatment

Treatment options for arterial embolism include:

• Anticoagulants: Medications to prevent further clotting.
• Thrombolysis: Use of drugs to dissolve the clot.
• Embolectomy: Surgical removal of the embolus.
• Bypass surgery: Creating an alternate route for blood flow around the blockage.

Prevention

Preventive measures focus on reducing the risk of embolism formation, especially in individuals with underlying heart conditions. These include:

• Anticoagulation therapy: For patients with atrial fibrillation or prosthetic heart valves.
• Lifestyle modifications: Such as quitting smoking, maintaining a healthy weight, and regular exercise.
• Management of underlying conditions: Such as controlling hypertension and diabetes.

See also

• Thrombosis
• Pulmonary embolism
• Deep vein thrombosis
• Ischemic stroke