Chlortalidone: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|A thiazide-like diuretic used to treat hypertension and edema}} | |||
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'''Chlortalidone''' is a [[thiazide-like diuretic]] medication primarily used to treat [[hypertension]] (high blood pressure) and [[edema]] (fluid retention). It is known for its long duration of action and is often preferred in the management of chronic conditions requiring diuretic therapy. | |||
==Medical uses== | |||
Chlortalidone is indicated for the treatment of hypertension, either alone or in combination with other antihypertensive agents. It is also used to manage edema associated with [[congestive heart failure]], [[cirrhosis]] of the liver, and [[renal disorders]]. | |||
===Hypertension=== | |||
Chlortalidone is effective in reducing blood pressure and is often used as a first-line treatment for hypertension. It works by reducing the volume of blood, thereby decreasing the pressure on arterial walls. This medication is particularly beneficial in patients with [[isolated systolic hypertension]] and is often used in combination with other antihypertensive drugs such as [[ACE inhibitors]] or [[calcium channel blockers]]. | |||
===Edema=== | |||
In the management of edema, chlortalidone helps to remove excess fluid from the body, which can accumulate due to heart failure, liver cirrhosis, or kidney disease. By promoting diuresis, it alleviates symptoms such as swelling and shortness of breath. | |||
==Mechanism of action== | |||
Chlortalidone acts on the [[distal convoluted tubule]] of the [[nephron]] in the [[kidney]]. It inhibits the sodium/chloride symporter, leading to increased excretion of sodium and chloride ions. This action results in increased urine output and decreased blood volume, which contributes to its antihypertensive effects. | |||
==Side effects== | |||
Common side effects of chlortalidone include [[electrolyte imbalance]], such as low levels of [[potassium]] (hypokalemia), [[sodium]] (hyponatremia), and [[magnesium]] (hypomagnesemia). Other side effects may include dizziness, headache, and gastrointestinal disturbances. Rarely, it can cause [[hyperglycemia]] and [[hyperuricemia]], which may exacerbate [[diabetes]] and [[gout]], respectively. | |||
==Contraindications== | |||
Chlortalidone is contraindicated in patients with anuria (inability to urinate), severe kidney impairment, and known hypersensitivity to sulfonamide-derived drugs. Caution is advised in patients with [[diabetes mellitus]], [[gout]], and [[electrolyte imbalances]]. | |||
==Pharmacokinetics== | |||
Chlortalidone is well absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, with a bioavailability of approximately 64%. It has a long half-life of 40 to 60 hours, allowing for once-daily dosing. The drug is primarily excreted unchanged in the urine. | |||
==History== | |||
Chlortalidone was first introduced in the 1950s and has been widely used in clinical practice since then. It is considered one of the most effective and well-studied diuretics for the treatment of hypertension and edema. | |||
==Related pages== | |||
* [[Thiazide diuretics]] | |||
* [[Hypertension]] | |||
* [[Edema]] | |||
* [[Diuretics]] | |||
[[Category:Diuretics]] | |||
[[Category:Antihypertensive agents]] | |||
[[Category:Sulfonamides]] | |||
Latest revision as of 21:26, 4 March 2025
A thiazide-like diuretic used to treat hypertension and edema
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Chlortalidone is a thiazide-like diuretic medication primarily used to treat hypertension (high blood pressure) and edema (fluid retention). It is known for its long duration of action and is often preferred in the management of chronic conditions requiring diuretic therapy.
Medical uses[edit]
Chlortalidone is indicated for the treatment of hypertension, either alone or in combination with other antihypertensive agents. It is also used to manage edema associated with congestive heart failure, cirrhosis of the liver, and renal disorders.
Hypertension[edit]
Chlortalidone is effective in reducing blood pressure and is often used as a first-line treatment for hypertension. It works by reducing the volume of blood, thereby decreasing the pressure on arterial walls. This medication is particularly beneficial in patients with isolated systolic hypertension and is often used in combination with other antihypertensive drugs such as ACE inhibitors or calcium channel blockers.
Edema[edit]
In the management of edema, chlortalidone helps to remove excess fluid from the body, which can accumulate due to heart failure, liver cirrhosis, or kidney disease. By promoting diuresis, it alleviates symptoms such as swelling and shortness of breath.
Mechanism of action[edit]
Chlortalidone acts on the distal convoluted tubule of the nephron in the kidney. It inhibits the sodium/chloride symporter, leading to increased excretion of sodium and chloride ions. This action results in increased urine output and decreased blood volume, which contributes to its antihypertensive effects.
Side effects[edit]
Common side effects of chlortalidone include electrolyte imbalance, such as low levels of potassium (hypokalemia), sodium (hyponatremia), and magnesium (hypomagnesemia). Other side effects may include dizziness, headache, and gastrointestinal disturbances. Rarely, it can cause hyperglycemia and hyperuricemia, which may exacerbate diabetes and gout, respectively.
Contraindications[edit]
Chlortalidone is contraindicated in patients with anuria (inability to urinate), severe kidney impairment, and known hypersensitivity to sulfonamide-derived drugs. Caution is advised in patients with diabetes mellitus, gout, and electrolyte imbalances.
Pharmacokinetics[edit]
Chlortalidone is well absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, with a bioavailability of approximately 64%. It has a long half-life of 40 to 60 hours, allowing for once-daily dosing. The drug is primarily excreted unchanged in the urine.
History[edit]
Chlortalidone was first introduced in the 1950s and has been widely used in clinical practice since then. It is considered one of the most effective and well-studied diuretics for the treatment of hypertension and edema.
