Genomic imprinting
Genomic Imprinting
Genomic imprinting (/dʒɪˈnoʊmɪk ɪmˈprɪntɪŋ/) is a unique process that involves the epigenetic marking of genes, which results in parent-of-origin specific gene expression. The term "imprinting" in this context is derived from the concept that certain genes are "stamped" or "imprinted" during gametogenesis to reflect their parental origin.
Etymology
The term "genomic imprinting" was first used in the late 20th century. The word "genomic" is derived from "genome", which comes from the German word "genom", a combination of gen (gene) and -om (as in chromosome). The term "imprinting" in this context is borrowed from developmental psychology, where it refers to the process by which certain behaviors are established during critical periods of early life.
Process
Genomic imprinting involves the addition or removal of chemical groups, such as methyl groups, to or from DNA or histone proteins. This alters the structure of the chromatin, the material that makes up chromosomes, and can influence whether a gene is expressed or not. Imprinted genes are typically marked by differential DNA methylation on the two parental alleles.
Significance
Genomic imprinting is significant because it can influence the development and function of organisms. It plays a crucial role in growth, development, and behavior, and is implicated in several human diseases, including Prader-Willi syndrome, Angelman syndrome, and certain types of cancer.
Related Terms
- Epigenetics: The study of changes in organisms caused by modification of gene expression rather than alteration of the genetic code itself.
- DNA Methylation: A process by which methyl groups are added to the DNA molecule.
- Allele: One of two or more versions of a gene that are found at the same place on a chromosome.
- Prader-Willi Syndrome: A complex genetic condition that affects many parts of the body.
- Angelman Syndrome: A genetic disorder causing developmental disabilities and neurological problems.
External links
- Medical encyclopedia article on Genomic imprinting
- Wikipedia's article - Genomic imprinting
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