Undernutrition in children

Editor-In-Chief: Prab R Tumpati, MD
Obesity, Sleep & Internal medicine
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Undernutrition in children
Synonyms	Child malnutrition, Pediatric undernutrition
Pronounce	N/A
Specialty	N/A
Symptoms	Stunted growth, Wasting, Underweight, Micronutrient deficiencies
Complications	Increased susceptibility to infections, Developmental delays, Cognitive impairment
Onset	Infancy, Early childhood
Duration	Chronic
Types	N/A
Causes	Inadequate dietary intake, Infectious diseases, Poor maternal nutrition, Socioeconomic factors
Risks	Poverty, Food insecurity, Lack of access to healthcare, Poor sanitation
Diagnosis	Anthropometric measurements, Clinical assessment, Laboratory tests
Differential diagnosis	Failure to thrive, Chronic illness, Genetic disorders
Prevention	Breastfeeding, Balanced diet, Vaccination, Improved sanitation
Treatment	Nutritional rehabilitation, Micronutrient supplementation, Therapeutic feeding programs
Medication	N/A
Prognosis	Varies depending on severity and intervention
Frequency	Common in low- and middle-income countries
Deaths	Contributes to 45% of deaths in children under 5

Undernutrition in children

Undernutrition in children

Undernutrition in children

Undernutrition in children

Undernutrition in children

Undernutrition in children

Undernutrition in children is a critical global health issue that affects millions of children worldwide, particularly in low and middle-income countries. It refers to a condition where a child's intake of energy, protein, and nutrients is insufficient to meet their body's needs for growth, maintenance, and specific activities. This condition can lead to serious health problems, including stunted growth, weakened immunity, and increased susceptibility to diseases.

Causes

The causes of undernutrition in children are multifaceted and can be broadly categorized into immediate, underlying, and basic causes. Immediate causes include inadequate dietary intake and disease. Underlying causes encompass food insecurity, inadequate care for children and women, unhealthy household environment, and lack of access to health services. Basic causes involve societal issues such as poverty, lack of education, and economic structures that limit access to food and healthcare.

Consequences

Undernutrition in children can lead to severe and long-lasting effects on health, development, and survival. It is associated with stunted growth, which is a condition characterized by low height for age. Stunting affects cognitive development and can lead to poor school performance and reduced earning potential in adulthood. Undernutrition also increases the risk of mortality from common childhood illnesses such as diarrhea, pneumonia, and malaria due to a weakened immune system.

Prevention and Treatment

Efforts to prevent and treat undernutrition in children focus on improving food security, dietary diversity, and access to health services. Key interventions include promoting breastfeeding, providing micronutrient supplements, and implementing community-based nutrition programs. Treatment of severe acute malnutrition involves therapeutic feeding programs that use specially formulated foods to provide high levels of energy and nutrients.

Global Initiatives

Several global initiatives aim to address undernutrition in children, including the World Health Organization's Global Nutrition Targets 2025 and the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goal 2, which seeks to end hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition, and promote sustainable agriculture. These initiatives emphasize the importance of multi-sectoral approaches that address the root causes of undernutrition.

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