Ultracentrifuge

Ultracentrifuge

An ultracentrifuge is a type of centrifuge that operates at very high speeds, capable of generating accelerations as high as 1,000,000 g (9,800 km/s_). Ultracentrifuges are used in a variety of scientific fields, including molecular biology, biochemistry, and polymer science, to separate particles of different densities or to purify molecules such as proteins, nucleic acids, and viruses.

A Beckman-Coulter ultracentrifuge XL-100K

History

The concept of the ultracentrifuge was first developed by Theodor Svedberg in the early 20th century. Svedberg's work on the ultracentrifuge earned him the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1926 for his research on colloids and macromolecules. The first practical ultracentrifuge was built in the 1920s, and since then, the technology has evolved significantly.

Types of Ultracentrifuges

Ultracentrifuges are generally classified into two main types: analytical and preparative.

Analytical Ultracentrifuge

The analytical ultracentrifuge is used to study the properties of macromolecules. It allows scientists to determine the molecular weight, sedimentation coefficient, and diffusion coefficient of particles. The analytical ultracentrifuge is equipped with optical systems that enable the observation of the sample during centrifugation.

Preparative Ultracentrifuge

The preparative ultracentrifuge is used to separate and purify particles based on their size, shape, and density. It is commonly used in the purification of biological macromolecules and subcellular organelles.

Applications

Ultracentrifuges are essential tools in the field of biotechnology and biomedical research. They are used in the isolation of DNA, RNA, and proteins for various applications, including genetic engineering and drug development. In virology, ultracentrifuges are used to purify viruses and viral particles.

Operation

Ultracentrifuges operate by spinning samples at very high speeds, creating a strong centrifugal force that causes particles to sediment at different rates based on their size and density. The rotor, which holds the samples, is a critical component of the ultracentrifuge and must be carefully balanced to prevent damage to the machine.

A Beckman Model E ultracentrifuge

Safety Considerations

Due to the high speeds and forces involved, ultracentrifuges require careful handling and maintenance. Proper training and adherence to safety protocols are essential to prevent accidents and equipment damage.

Related Pages

• Centrifuge
• Sedimentation
• Molecular biology
• Biochemistry

References

• Svedberg, T. (1926). "The Ultracentrifuge". Nobel Lecture.
• Beckman Coulter, Inc. "Ultracentrifuges: A Guide to Operation and Safety".

Ultracentrifuge

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  Beckman Coulter Ultracentrifuge XL-100K

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  Beckman Model E Ultracentrifuge