Sedative

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Sedative

A Sedative or tranquilizer is a substance that induces sedation by reducing irritability or excitement. They are central nervous system (CNS) depressants and interact with brain activity causing its deceleration. Various kinds of sedatives can be distinguished, but the majority of them affect the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), which are brain chemicals performing communication between brain cells. In spite of the different types of sedatives, they all work by slowing the brain activity.

Types of Sedatives

Sedatives can be classified into three main categories: Barbiturates, Benzodiazepines, and Herbal Sedatives.

Barbiturates

Barbiturates are drugs that act as central nervous system depressants, and can therefore produce a wide spectrum of effects, from mild sedation to total anesthesia. They are also effective as anxiolytics, hypnotics, and anticonvulsants.

Benzodiazepines

Benzodiazepines are the most commonly used type of sedative. They enhance the effect of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) at the GABA receptor, resulting in sedative, hypnotic (sleep-inducing), anxiolytic (anti-anxiety), anticonvulsant, and muscle relaxant properties.

Herbal Sedatives

Some plant-based or "natural" sedatives include kava, valerian, passionflower, and cannabis.

Uses

Sedatives are used for a range of medical procedures, including preoperative sedation, induction of anesthesia, and treatment of insomnia or anxiety. They can also be used for the management of acute seizures.

Risks and Side Effects

Sedatives can have a number of potential risks and side effects, including dependence, withdrawal, and overdose. They can also cause paradoxical reactions, such as increased agitation or aggression.

See Also

• Anxiolytic
• Hypnotic
• Psychotropic medication
• Neurotransmitter