Syracuse, Sicily

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Decadrachme de Sicile sous Denys l'Ancien

Athena portrait by Eukleidas on Syracuse tetradrachm c. 400 BC

Sicily Syracuse Arethusa Tetradrachm

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Thesaurus opticus Titelblatt

Syracuse (Italian: Siracusa; Sicilian: Sarausa) is a historic city on the island of Sicily, the capital of the Province of Syracuse. The city is notable for its rich Greek history, culture, amphitheatres, architecture, and as the birthplace of the preeminent mathematician and engineer Archimedes. This 2,700-year-old city played a key role in ancient times, when it was one of the major powers of the Mediterranean world.

History

Syracuse was founded in 734 or 733 BC by Greek settlers from Corinth and Tenea, and over the centuries, it grew to become a very powerful city-state. Syracuse was a major participant in the Greek-Punic Wars, fighting against the Carthaginians, and during the Peloponnesian War, it was a key ally of Sparta. The city was besieged by the Romans in the Siege of Syracuse during the Second Punic War, and despite the ingenious inventions of Archimedes to defend the city, it fell to the Romans in 212 BC.

After the fall of the Roman Empire, Syracuse experienced a period of decline before being conquered by the Byzantine Empire. It was later occupied by the Arabs in the 9th century, who introduced new agricultural practices and irrigation systems that significantly boosted the economy. The city was then taken by the Normans, followed by several other rulers including the Swabians, Aragonese, and Bourbons until it became part of Italy in 1865.

Geography

Syracuse is located in the southeastern corner of Sicily, by the Ionian Sea. It is built around a large harbor known as the Great Harbour. The city is divided into the old city of Ortigia and the mainland urban area, which are connected by bridges. The surrounding area is known for its rich flora and fauna, part of which is protected in the Plemmirio Marine Reserve.

Culture

The city's culture is a blend of Greek, Roman, and Sicilian traditions. Syracuse is famous for its ancient ruins, such as the Greek Theatre, the Roman Amphitheatre, and the Temple of Athena (now a cathedral). The Archaeological Park of Neapolis is one of the most important archaeological sites in Italy, offering insights into the city's Greek and Roman past.

Economy

Syracuse's economy historically depended on agriculture, fishing, and shipbuilding. Today, it has diversified into services, tourism, and petrochemicals, thanks to the presence of one of Europe's largest oil refineries. The city is also known for its production of citrus fruits, almonds, and olive oil.

Education

The city is home to the University of Catania's Faculty of Architecture and the Academy of Fine Arts. Education and research play a significant role in the local economy, with several research institutions focusing on archaeology, biology, and chemistry.

Tourism

Tourism is a major industry in Syracuse due to its rich historical and cultural heritage. Key attractions include the island of Ortigia, the Archaeological Park of Neapolis, and the Castello Maniace. The city's ancient Greek theatre hosts classical performances, drawing visitors from around the world.

Transport

Syracuse is well-connected by road and rail to other parts of Sicily and Italy. The city does not have its own airport; the nearest airports are located in Catania and Comiso.

See also

• History of Sicily
• Magna Graecia

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