Synthetic cathinones

An overview of synthetic cathinones, their effects, and implications in medicine and law.

Synthetic cathinones are a class of drugs that are chemically similar to cathinone, a substance found in the khat plant. These substances are part of a group of drugs known as new psychoactive substances (NPS), which are designed to mimic the effects of existing illicit drugs.

Chemical Structure and Properties

Synthetic cathinones are structurally related to amphetamines and cathinone, the latter being a naturally occurring stimulant found in the leaves of the khat plant. The basic structure of cathinone consists of a phenethylamine core with a ketone group at the beta position. Modifications to this structure, such as the addition of various substituents, result in a wide variety of synthetic cathinones with differing pharmacological properties.

Pharmacology

Synthetic cathinones act primarily as central nervous system stimulants. They increase the levels of neurotransmitters such as dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine in the brain by inhibiting their reuptake or promoting their release. This leads to increased alertness, euphoria, and a sense of well-being, but can also cause adverse effects such as anxiety, paranoia, and hallucinations.

Common Synthetic Cathinones

Some of the most well-known synthetic cathinones include:

• Mephedrone (4-MMC): Known for its stimulant and empathogenic effects, similar to those of MDMA.
• Methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV): A potent stimulant with effects similar to those of cocaine.
• Alpha-PVP: Also known as "flakka," it is known for its strong stimulant effects and potential for causing severe agitation and psychosis.

Medical and Recreational Use

While synthetic cathinones have no approved medical use, they are often marketed as "legal highs" or "bath salts" and sold in various forms such as powders, capsules, or tablets. Their use is associated with recreational drug scenes, but they pose significant health risks due to their unpredictable effects and potential for addiction.

Legal Status

The legal status of synthetic cathinones varies by country. In many jurisdictions, they are classified as controlled substances due to their potential for abuse and lack of medical use. For example, in the United States, many synthetic cathinones are listed as Schedule I substances under the Controlled Substances Act.

Health Risks and Adverse Effects

The use of synthetic cathinones can lead to a range of adverse effects, including:

• Cardiovascular issues: Increased heart rate, hypertension, and risk of heart attack.
• Neurological effects: Seizures, tremors, and severe agitation.
• Psychiatric symptoms: Anxiety, paranoia, hallucinations, and psychosis.
• Addiction and dependence: Due to their potent stimulant effects, synthetic cathinones have a high potential for abuse and addiction.

Also see

• Cathinone
• New psychoactive substances
• Amphetamine
• Controlled Substances Act