Sympathetic ophthalmia

Sympathetic ophthalmia
Synonyms	Sympathetic uveitis
Pronounce	N/A
Specialty	N/A
Symptoms	Blurred vision, redness of the eye, photophobia, pain, floaters
Complications	Vision loss, cataract, glaucoma
Onset	Days to weeks after ocular trauma or surgery
Duration	Chronic
Types	N/A
Causes	Autoimmune response following eye injury or surgery
Risks	Penetrating eye injury, intraocular surgery
Diagnosis	Clinical evaluation, ophthalmic examination, imaging studies
Differential diagnosis	Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease, sarcoidosis, infectious uveitis
Prevention	N/A
Treatment	Corticosteroids, immunosuppressive drugs, surgery
Medication	N/A
Prognosis	Variable, can lead to significant vision impairment if untreated
Frequency	Rare
Deaths	N/A

Structural engineering is a sub-discipline of civil engineering in which structural engineers are trained to design the 'bones and muscles' that create the form and shape of man-made structures. Structural engineers also must understand and calculate the stability, strength, rigidity and earthquake-susceptibility of built structures for buildings and nonbuilding structures.

Overview

The structural designs are integrated with those of other designers such as architects and building services engineer and often supervise the construction of projects by contractors on site. They can also be involved in the design of machinery, medical equipment, and vehicles where structural integrity affects functioning and safety.

History

Structural engineering dates back to 2700 B.C.E. when the step pyramid for Pharaoh Djoser was built by Imhotep, the first engineer in history known by name. Pyramids were the most common major structures built by ancient civilizations because the structural form of a pyramid is inherently stable and can be almost infinitely scaled.

Structural Elements

Structural engineering depends upon a detailed knowledge of applied mechanics, materials science and applied mathematics to understand and predict how structures support and resist self-weight and imposed loads. To apply the knowledge successfully a structural engineer generally requires detailed knowledge of relevant empirical and theoretical design codes, the techniques of structural analysis, as well as some knowledge of the corrosion resistance of the materials and structures, especially when those structures are exposed to the external environment.

See Also

• Civil Engineering
• Architectural Engineering
• Mechanical Engineering
• Materials Science
• Applied Mathematics

References

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