Visual impairment

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Visual impairment
Synonyms	Vision impairment, vision loss
Pronounce	N/A
Specialty	N/A
Symptoms	Decreased ability to see, blurry vision, difficulty with night vision, double vision
Complications	Depression, anxiety, social isolation
Onset	Can occur at any age
Duration	Long-term
Types	N/A
Causes	Refractive error, cataract, glaucoma, macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, corneal opacity, childhood blindness
Risks	Age, genetics, diabetes, smoking, exposure to UV light
Diagnosis	Eye examination, visual field test, retinal imaging
Differential diagnosis	N/A
Prevention	N/A
Treatment	Corrective lenses, surgery, medication, vision rehabilitation
Medication	N/A
Prognosis	N/A
Frequency	Affects approximately 2.2 billion people worldwide
Deaths	N/A

Visual impairment, also known as vision impairment or vision loss, is a decreased ability to see to a degree that causes problems not fixable by usual means, such as glasses or medication. It is a significant public health issue with considerable social and economic implications.

Blind1

Classification and Causes

Blind woman

Visual impairment can range from mild to severe and can be categorized into two main types:

• Low vision: In which visual acuity is significantly reduced but some useful vision remains.
• Blindness: A severe vision loss leaving little to no vision.

This impairment can result from a variety of causes, including congenital conditions, injury, and diseases such as glaucoma, macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, and cataracts.

Diagnosis

Blind walking

The diagnosis of visual impairment involves a detailed examination of the eyes and appropriate visual testing. This testing often includes measuring visual acuity and visual fields. It also involves assessing the patient's ability to carry out vision-dependent activities of daily living.

Management and Treatment

While some forms of visual impairment can be treated or mitigated through surgery, medications, or corrective lenses, others may not be as easily addressed. In these cases, the focus shifts towards maximizing the individual's remaining vision and improving their independence and quality of life.

Vision Rehabilitation

Vision rehabilitation services can assist individuals with visual impairment to enhance their functional abilities. These services include the provision of assistive technology, orientation and mobility training, psychological counseling, and occupational therapy.

Assistive Devices

There are various assistive devices available for people with visual impairments, including magnifiers, reading machines, specialized computer software, and mobile apps. In the case of profound visual impairment or blindness, individuals may learn to use white canes or guide dogs to navigate their environment.

Implications and Quality of Life

Visual impairment can significantly impact a person's quality of life, affecting their education, employment, and social interactions. However, with appropriate support and resources, individuals with visual impairment can lead fulfilling lives.

Global Prevalence

Visual impairment is a global concern. According to the World Health Organization, hundreds of millions of people worldwide are visually impaired. However, approximately 80% of all visual impairment globally is considered avoidable.

References

• [1] Bourne RRA, Flaxman SR, Braithwaite T, et al. (2017). Magnitude, temporal trends, and projections of the global prevalence of blindness and distance and near vision impairment: a systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet Global Health, 5(9), e888–e897.
• [2] Pascolini D, Mariotti SP. (2012). Global estimates of visual impairment. British Journal of Ophthalmology, 96(5), 614–618.

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