Splenectomy

Location of the spleen in the human body.

A splenectomy refers to the surgical removal of the spleen, an organ situated under the ribcage and above the stomach in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen. The spleen plays several roles in the body, including filtering old blood cells, storing blood and platelets, and helping the body recognize and fight off certain bacteria. In certain medical conditions, it might be necessary to remove the spleen, either partially or entirely.

Indications for Splenectomy

There are various reasons for which a splenectomy may be performed, including:

Trauma

In cases of traumatic injury, such as a car accident or fall, the spleen might rupture, causing internal bleeding. Depending on the extent of the damage, a splenectomy might be required.

Diseases and Disorders

• Hemolytic anemia: Where the spleen destroys red blood cells faster than they can be produced.
• Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP): An autoimmune disease where the spleen destroys platelets.
• Sickle cell disease: The misshapen red blood cells can become trapped in the spleen causing it to enlarge.
• Certain cancers, such as lymphoma or chronic leukemia, which affect the spleen.

Cysts and Tumors

Benign or malignant cysts and tumors might necessitate the removal of the spleen.

Procedure

There are two primary methods to perform a splenectomy:

Open Splenectomy

Procedure of an open splenectomy.

This is the traditional method, where a large incision is made in the abdomen to remove the spleen.

Laparoscopic Splenectomy

Laparoscopy for splenectomy

In this minimally invasive procedure, several small incisions are made in the abdomen. A laparoscope, a long thin tube with a camera on the end, is inserted through one incision, while surgical instruments are inserted through the others. The spleen is then removed through one of the incisions.

Risks and Complications

Like all surgeries, splenectomy carries certain risks, which may include:

• Infection
• Bleeding
• Blood clot
• Injury to nearby organs
• Post-splenectomy sepsis (a severe full-body inflammatory reaction to infections)

Life After Splenectomy

Once the spleen is removed, other organs, such as the liver, take over its functions. However, the individual becomes more susceptible to infections. Vaccinations and regular medical check-ups are recommended to prevent potential infections.

See Also

• Laparoscope
• Hemolytic anemia
• Sickle cell disease

References

1. Medical Encyclopedia, Splenectomy. National Institutes of Health.
2. Surgical procedures: Splenectomy. Medical Reference Guides.