Personal name

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Personal name refers to the set of names by which an individual is known and that can be used to identify them. Personal names are a key aspect of identity and culture, and they vary widely around the world in structure, origin, and meaning. The study of names is known as onomastics, which includes the study of personal names, place names, and other related categories.

Structure

The structure of personal names varies globally, reflecting the linguistic and cultural practices of different societies. A typical structure in many Western cultures consists of a given name (or first name), followed by a surname (or family name). However, this structure is not universal. For example, in many East Asian cultures, the family name precedes the given name. Some cultures include additional elements such as middle names, patronymics (names derived from a paternal ancestor), and titles.

Given Names

Given names, also known as first names, are chosen by an individual's parents at or near the time of birth. These names often carry meanings or are selected to honor relatives or ancestors. In some cultures, given names can indicate the child's birth order or other family circumstances.

Surnames

Surnames, or family names, are used to indicate lineage and are passed down from generation to generation. The practice of using surnames varies significantly across cultures, with some people adopting the surname of their father (patrilineal), mother (matrilineal), or a combination of both.

Cultural Significance

Personal names often carry significant cultural, social, and religious significance. They can reflect the ethnic background, religion, and social status of an individual or family. Names can also be associated with particular events, characters from popular culture, or virtues that parents wish to bestow upon their child.

Legal Aspects

The legal regulation of personal names varies by country. Some countries have specific laws governing what names can be legally given to a child, including restrictions on the use of numerals, symbols, and certain words. Changes to one's personal name, whether given or surname, typically require legal proceedings.

Changes and Name Choice

Individuals may change their names for various reasons, including marriage, divorce, gender transition, adoption, or the desire for a name that better reflects their identity. In some cultures, it is common to adopt a new name at certain life stages or as part of a religious conversion.

See Also

• Name day
• Nickname
• Anonymity
• Pseudonym

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