Orthohepevirus

A genus of viruses in the family Hepeviridae

Orthohepevirus is a genus of viruses in the family Hepeviridae. This genus includes several species that are known to infect humans and animals, causing a range of diseases, most notably Hepatitis E.

Virology

Orthohepevirus is a genus of positive-sense single-stranded RNA viruses. The viral genome is approximately 7.2 kilobases in length and encodes three open reading frames (ORFs). The ORF1 encodes non-structural proteins involved in viral replication, ORF2 encodes the capsid protein, and ORF3 encodes a small phosphoprotein involved in viral egress and host interaction.

Structure

The virions are non-enveloped and spherical, with a diameter of about 27-34 nm. The capsid is icosahedral, composed of 180 copies of the capsid protein encoded by ORF2. The structure of the virus allows it to be stable in the environment, facilitating fecal-oral transmission.

Transmission

Orthohepevirus is primarily transmitted via the fecal-oral route. Contaminated water is a common source of infection, especially in regions with poor sanitation. Zoonotic transmission from animals to humans has also been documented, particularly from pigs and other livestock.

Pathogenesis

In humans, Orthohepevirus infection can lead to Hepatitis E, an acute viral hepatitis. The disease is usually self-limiting, but it can be severe in pregnant women and individuals with pre-existing liver disease. Symptoms include jaundice, fatigue, abdominal pain, and nausea.

Epidemiology

Hepatitis E is endemic in many parts of the world, particularly in Asia, Africa, and Central America. Outbreaks are often associated with contaminated water supplies. Sporadic cases have been reported in developed countries, often linked to travel or consumption of undercooked meat from infected animals.

Prevention and Control

Preventive measures include improving sanitation and access to clean water. A vaccine for Hepatitis E has been developed and is available in some countries. Public health efforts focus on education and improving hygiene practices to reduce transmission.

Related pages

• Hepatitis E
• RNA virus
• Viral hepatitis