Necrotizing enterocolitis

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Necrotizing enterocolitis
Synonyms	NEC
Pronounce	N/A
Specialty	N/A
Symptoms	Feeding intolerance, abdominal distension, bloody stools, lethargy
Complications	Intestinal perforation, sepsis, short bowel syndrome
Onset	Usually within the first 2 weeks of life
Duration	Varies
Types	N/A
Causes	Multifactorial, including prematurity, enteral feeding, intestinal ischemia
Risks	Premature birth, formula feeding, intestinal hypoxia
Diagnosis	Abdominal X-ray, clinical presentation
Differential diagnosis	Sepsis, spontaneous intestinal perforation, gastroenteritis
Prevention	Breastfeeding, probiotics, slow feeding advancement
Treatment	Bowel rest, nasogastric decompression, antibiotics, surgery
Medication	N/A
Prognosis	Variable, depends on severity and complications
Frequency	Affects 1-5% of neonates in neonatal intensive care units
Deaths	N/A

Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a medical condition primarily seen in premature infants, where portions of the bowel undergo necrosis (tissue death).

Signs and Symptoms

The symptoms of NEC can vary but often include poor feeding, bloating, decreased activity, blood in the stool, or vomiting of bile.

Causes

The exact cause of NEC is unknown, but it is thought to occur when the lining of the bowel wall is weakened by a lack of oxygen or blood flow. When this happens, bacteria from the food that is digested can damage the bowel wall.

Diagnosis

NEC is usually diagnosed through a combination of X-ray findings, the presence of blood in the stool, and the symptoms that the infant is having.

Treatment

Treatment for NEC includes stopping all feedings, giving intravenous fluids and antibiotics, and removing gas from the intestines. In severe cases, surgery may be needed to remove the dead parts of the bowel.

Prognosis

The prognosis for infants with NEC varies. Some infants respond well to treatment and recover fully, while others may have long-term health problems or die from the condition.

Prevention

Prevention of NEC includes the use of breast milk and probiotics, as well as careful feeding practices in premature infants.

Gallery

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  Neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis, gross pathology
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  Neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis, gross pathology

See Also

• Premature birth
• Infant mortality
• Pediatric surgery